About pencycuron: Use of bacillus subtilis as biocontrol agent. II. Biological control of potato diseases

by G Schmiedeknecht, H Bochow, H Junge
Biological control of stem canker and black scurf of potatoes caused by Rhizoctonia solani and common potato scab caused by Streptomyces scabies by different suppressive strains of Bacillus subtilis was demonstrated in greenhouse and field experiments from 1993-1997. Seed potatoes were treated with different strains of Bacillus subtilis, formulated to water-dispersible granules and were planted in comparison with nontreated (control) and fungicide (Pencycuron, tolclofos-methyl) treated potatoes in greenhouse or in field against natural seed- and soil-borne infection. In addition, the influences of different edaphic and other abiotic factors were tested, e.g., various soil types, different inoculum densities, various application methods, and application rates. In the greenhouse, the disease severity of R. solani (stem canker and black scurf) was reduced up to 63 % by application of B. subtilis. The decrease of common scab (S. scabies) disease severity ranged up to 70 % with different Bacillus strains. In field trials, the occurrence of stem canker and black scurf was reduced up to 50 % and the incidence of common scab was decreased up to 67 % by use of this microbial antagonist. The bacterial treatment showed similar control effects compared to different fungicides. Moreover, the plants appeared more vigorous than nontreated plants and the yields of potato tubers were higher (on average up to 16 %).

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Flower Injury from Sublethal Rates of Dicamba, 2,4-D, and Premixed 2,4-D + Mecoprop + Dicamba

By: Harlene Hatterman-Valenti and Paul Mayland
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare visible injury from sublethal rates of 2,4-D, dicamba, and a premixed product of 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba for eight annual flowers and to describe herbicide injury symptoms for these annual species. Herbicides were applied at rates 0.05×, 0.1×, and 0.2× of their highest labeled rate for turfgrass to simulate spray drift conditions. Visible injury varied between species, herbicide rate, and time after herbicide application. Alyssum (Lobularia maritima Desv.) showed the greatest initial injury and ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum Mill.) showed the greatest injury at 4 weeks after treatment. Symptom severity increased as herbicide rate increased, with the greatest injury from the premixed product, followed by 2,4-D, and then dicamba. The eight species varied in their degree of visible injury and flower production to dicamba, 2,4-D, and the premixed product. Reduced flowering was most obvious for prolific flowering species such as alyssum. Impatiens (Impatiens wallerana L.), salvia (Salvia splendens Sello), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) produced more flowers in response to sublethal dicamba rates compared to the untreated plant. All rates of 2,4-D generally reduced flowering compared to untreated plants, except the lowest rate of 2,4-D for geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey) and snapdragon. Dahlia (Dahlia hortensis Cav.) sprayed with dicamba at the highest rate produced three times as many stems as plants untreated or those sprayed with 2,4-D. Overall order of species susceptibility to sublethal rates of dicamba, 2,4-D, or the premixed product from most susceptible to least susceptible was ageratum > alyssum > marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) > dahlia > geranium = salvia = snapdragon = impatiens. Differences in overall susceptibility to the plant growth regulator herbicides evaluated should provide useful information to horticulturalists designing annual flower beds and borders and lawn care applicators. 

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Groups ask EPA to stop pesticide clothianidin linked to bee deaths

Commercial beekeepers and environmental organizations filed an emergency legal petition with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to suspend use of a pesticide that is linked to honey bee deaths, urging the agency to adopt safeguards. The legal petition, which specifies the pesticide clothianidin, is supported by over one million citizen petition signatures and targets the pesticide for its harmful impacts on honey bees.
"EPA has an obligation to protect pollinators from the threat of pesticides," said Jeff Anderson of California Minnesota Honey Farms, a co-petitioner. "The agency has failed to adequately regulate pesticides harmful to pollinators despite scientific and on-the-ground evidence presented by academics and beekeepers."
More than two dozen beekeepers filed the legal petition with EPA. They are concerned about the impacts on their beekeeping operations, which are already in jeopardy.
"The future of beekeeping faces numerous threats, including from clothianidin, and we need to take steps to protect pollinators and the livelihood of beekeepers," said Steve Ellis of Old Mill Honey Co and a co-petitioner.
The legal petition shows that EPA failed to follow its own regulations, according to Beyond Pesticides. EPA granted conditional registration to clothianidin in 2003. Granting the conditional registration was contingent upon the subsequent submission of an acceptable field study showing no "unreasonable adverse effects" on pollinators. This requirement has not been met. In the years since, a substantial body of scientific evidence has confirmed that clothianidin presents serious risks to honey bees, according to Beyond Pesticides.
"Independent research links pollinator declines, especially honey bees, to a wide range of problems with industrial agriculture, especially pesticides," said co-petitioner John Kepner, program director at Beyond Pesticides.
"EPA ignored its own requirements and failed to study the impacts of clothianidin on honey bees," said co-petitioner Peter Jenkins, an attorney for the Center for Food Safety. "The body of evidence against the chemical continues to grow, yet the agency has refused to take action."
"EPA should move swiftly to close the loophole and revoke the conditional registration of clothianidin," said Heather Pilatic, co-director of Pesticide Action Network and a co-petitioner. "Bees and beekeepers can"t afford to wait another nine years for inaction."

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

About pencycuron : Characterization and Pathogenic Relationships of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates in a Potato-Rice System and their Sensitivity to Fungicides

By: Thind TarlochanS,　Aggarwal Rohit

Potato is planted after rice in several parts of Punjab in India and both crops are attacked by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. Potato tubers showing black scurf and rice plants affected by sheath blight were collected from different regions of the state and the isolates of R. solani so obtained were studied to determine their variability and to ascertain their cross-infectivity and response to fungicides. Potato isolates of R. solani did not infect rice plants but some rice isolates were weakly pathogenic on potato, the sclerotia being less firmly attached on tuber surface, indicating a possible unsuccessful attempt of rice isolates to infect potato. Rice isolates (66.6%) grew faster (>20 mm colony growth per 24 h) than those of the potato isolates (15-20 mm growth rate per 24 h). Hyphal width of isolates from both hosts varied from 7.2 to 12.1 μm. Colony growth of most potato isolates (61.2%) was appressed, whereas that of most rice isolates (53.3%) was fluffy. Rice isolates (73.3%) formed larger sclerotia (1.5-2.0 mm in diameter) than those of the potato isolates (0.5-1.0 mm in diameter). Anastomosis studies indicated that potato isolates belonged to AG-3 and AG-5 groups while rice isolates belonged to the AG-1-1-A group. Representative R. solani isolates from the two hosts showed significant variation in response to fungicides (i.e. carbendazim, carboxin, pencycuron, propiconazole and validamycin) based on their values.



Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Dicamba Absorption and Translocation as Influenced by Formulation and Surfactant

BY:Phil J. Petersen, Lloyd C. Haderlie, Raymond H. Hoefer and Ray S. McAllister
Absorption and translocation of 14C-dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) in seven salt formulations were determined 60 h after application to leaves of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Williams"] grown in nutrient solution. The dimethylamine (DMA) formulation was consistently absorbed and retained in the plant in amounts equal to or greater (46% of recovered ¹⁴C) than other formulations (which averaged 19% of recovered 14C) when applied without surfactant. Absorption and subsequent retention of the DMA formulation in the plant was least affected of all formulations by the addition of a surfactant. With a surfactant, absorption of the DNA, monoethanolamine (MEA), and inorganic salt formulations was similar (>75% of recovered ¹⁴C). Addition of seven surfactants to the K-salt of dicamba increased both the amount of 14C absorbed by 35 to 56% and the amount recovered in the plant. All surfactants except one enhanced absorption of the K-salt of dicamba to a similar degree. Dicamba exhibited predominantly symplastic translocation with the majority of 14C being recovered in the new second trifoliolate leaves and nutrient solution. As much as 66% of the radioactivity absorbed through the leaves was exuded by roots into the nutrient solution 60 h after leaf treatment.  

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

New scientific study links bee deaths to pesticides

by: Tara Green
Multiple methods of poisoning bees
The Purdue research indicates bee deaths are connected to neonicotinoid pesticides, which use a synthetic derivative of nicotine. These chemicals are applied as a coating to corn and soybean seeds prior to planting. They are then absorbed by the plant"s vascular system and expressed through pollen and nectar. Farmers have planted millions of acres of farmland with neonic-treated seeds since 2003.

Bayer has defended its pesticide in the past against charges of contributing to bee die-offs. The company says that bees do not forage much on corn pollen and therefore only trace amounts of neonic-laced pollen will return to hives. The multinational chemical corporation claims the tiny doses of the pesticide bees come into contact with cannot have an impact on hive health. So far, the EPA has supported Bayer"s claims.
The Purdue study, however, shows that Bayer"s products are far more lethal to bees than the company wants regulatory agencies and farmers to believe. The researchers found that, contrary to Bayer"s claim, "maize pollen was frequently collected by foraging honey bees while it was available: maize pollen comprised over 50% of the pollen collected by bees, by volume, in 10 of 20 samples."
The scientists also identified unsuspected methods by which bees are exposed to the pesticide. Mechanical seed planters blow off a powdery waste as they move through fields. This talc prevents the polymers used to bind the chemicals to the seeds from clogging up seed coating machine and the seed planters. But this exhaust is dangerous to bees. The talc can contain up to 700,000 times the bee"s lethal dosage of neonicotinoid so that foraging bees coming into contact with it are killed. These initial population losses begin to weaken the hives.
As the talc exhaust settles on nearby plants and into the soil, there is a long-term danger to bees. Dandelions near treated crop fields can harbor the poison. Bees gather nectar and pollen from the yellow flowers will bring the neonicotinoids back to the hive. Although these small levels of the pesticide do not kill the bees, their immune systems become compromised, leaving hives vulnerable to other threats. Also, developing bees are affected by exposure to pesticides through stored pollen. The cascading effects of sub-lethal doses can potentially devastate an entire hive. Scientists found neonicotinoid pesticides in every sample of dead and dying bees as well as in pollen the bees collected and brought back to the hives.


Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Dissipation of pencycuron in rice plant

Pencycuron [1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea], a relatively new non-systemic protective fungicide for controlling sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) of rice (Sylvanie and Cornis, 1989; Tomlin, 1997), is expected to be used widely in agricultural production particularly in Asia. However, information on the dissipation pattern of pencycuron in rice plant is lacking. Little information on the environmental fate of pencycuron has been published although there were some published studies on rice sheath blight fungus (Mithrasena et al., 1989; Wickramasinghe and Mithrasena, 1989; van Eeckhout et al., 1991; Osada, 1993).
Rice is now the major cereal crop in the Indian subcontinent. The introduction of improved technology for present day rice production invites insect pests and diseases. Among different rice varieties commercially cultivated in West Bengal of India, most are highly susceptible to sheath blight and suffer considerable loss. Among many classes of fungicides, pencycuron (Monceren) is now going to be introduced to the Indian subcontinent by Bayer Crop Science, India. As information on the residue and dissipation of pencycuron in rice plant under cultivation under our agro-climatic conditions is not available, systematic study on the residue and dissipation of pencycuron in rice plant grown under our agro-climatic conditions should be conducted.
Field experiments on rice (cv IET 1444) were conducted for three consecutive years in the June to October wet seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003 at the Agriculture Experimental Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur (located at 22°52′ N, 88°30′ E, 1.3 m above mean sea level), West Bengal, India. The climate of the region is sub-humid with average total annual precipitation of 1300 mm, and maximum rainfall in June to September. The maximum temperature of the study zone reaches to about 38.6 °C in May and the minimum temperature reaches to 11.3 °C in January. Warm conditions (35.7 °C) and high humidity (94%) prevail during the rainy season.
The land was prepared by puddling with the help of a power tiller. Decomposed cow manure (DCM) applied at 10 t/ha seven days before rice transplantation contained dry weigh 14.0% organic C and 1.36% total N at pH 7.4. All the plots received a recommended dose of 60:30:30 N, P and K ha1 in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. The half dose of N and full dose of P and K were applied as basal fertilizers. The remaining half dose of N was applied 21 d after rice seeding transplantation. High yielding rice variety IET-1444 seedings (23, 24 and 27 d old in the year 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively) were transplanted in rows 20 cm apart and 15 cm between hills. Each hill contained three seedlings. Pencycuron 250 SC obtained from Bayer Crop Science India Ltd. was applied at recommended field dose (187.5 g a.i./ha) and double recommended dose. The 1st and 2nd spray of pencycuron were given at 33 and 49 (in the year 2001), 35 and 50 (in the year 2002) and 34 and 48 (in the year 2003) day after transplantation respectively. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design.
Pencycuron was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC 1050 Hewlett Packard equipped with UV detector and 3392A integrator). For recovery studies, rice plants were fortified with acetone solution of pencycuron to obtain concentrations corresponding to different doses. The samples were immediately extracted three times with 100 ml of acetone on an electric blender for 5 min. After centrifugation at 3000 r/min for 10 min, the extracts were combined and pencycuron was partitioned in CHCl3 ((100+50+50) ml). The CHCl3 layer was evaporated to dryness, rinsed with HPLC grade methanol and filtered (0.2 μm) for direct HPLC analysis. Pencycuron was separated on an Intersil 150 mm×4.6 mm ODS 2, 5 μm (RPC18 column) using a mobile phase of methanol and water (90:10) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and column temperature at 40 °C. Quantification was performed against pencycuron standard at a wavelength of 240 nm. Under this condition the retention time of pencycuron was 3.2 min, the limit of detection was 0.01 mg and the sensitivity of the method was 0.005 mg/kg. The average recovery was 90.0%~93.4% for pencycuron with relative standard deviations ranging from 2.5~3.0. Determination of pencycuron residues in the treated samples was carried out as per the recovery study.
The initial deposit of pencycuron after two hours spraying was found to be 0.0190~0.0204 and 0.0386~0.0440 mg/kg irrespective of the seasons for the treatments T1 and T2 respectively. The loss of residues over a period of time showed steady dissipation from 67.62%~95.10 % within 7 d. The residue level fell below detectable limit on the10th day for T1 and 15th day for T2.
The dissipation of pencycuron residue followed first order reaction kinetics in all the doses as a straight line was obtained in each case when log values of the residue were plotted against different time intervals. From this study it appeared that the rate of dissipation was independent of initial deposit and that the half-life　of pencycuron varied from 1.57~2.77 d irrespective of the seasons and application rate.
For the untreated control, no residues of pencycuron were detected irrespective of the seasons and in grain, husk and straw at harvest. During the experiment no phytotoxicity was observed for any of the treatments. The half-lives of pencycuron in rice were observed to be short and should be of no concern regarding contamination of the food chain and environment.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Dicamba, picloram, 2,4-D tankmixes for control of leafy spurge

By： M. A. FERRELL

This research was conducted near Devil’s Tower, Wyoming to evaluate leafy spurge control with tankmixes of dicamba, picloram, and 2,4-D amine. Plots were 10 by 13.5 ft.
with four replications arranged in a randomized complete block. Spring treatments were applied broadcast with a CO2 pressurized six-nozzle knapsack sprayer delivering 40 gpa at 40 psi June 11, 1991 (air temp. 86º F, soil temp. 0 inch 95º F, 1 inch 85º F, 2 inch 80º F, 4 inch 80º F, relative humidity 30%, wind south at 5 mph, sky clear). Late summer treatments were applied September 11, 1991 (air temp. 70º F, soil temp. 0 inch 85º F, 1 inch 80º F, 2 inch 80º F, 4 inch 75º F, relative humidity 55%, wind west at 3 mph, sky 30% cloudy). The soil was classified as a silt loam (22% sand, 58% silt, and 20% clay) with 1.8% organic matter and a 6.3 pH. Leafy spurge was in the full bloom stage and 14 to 18 inches in height, for the spring treatments and past seed production and 14 to 20 inches in height, for the late summer treatments. Infestations were heavy throughout the experimental area. Visual evaluations were made September 25, 1992. Late summer applications of picloram+dicamba+2,4-D provided significantly better leafy spurge control than spring applications of picloram+dicamba+2,4-D. Herbicide combinations provide better control than individual herbicides at both dates. The addition of surfactant to combination treatments had no effect on leafy spurge control.


Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

The characteristics of different pesticide formulations and considerations

1 EC
　　EC is the original drug is not soluble in water, benzene, xylene, and emulsifiers prepared from transparent liquid, room temperature storage for 2 years are generally not sealed turbidity, stratification and sedimentation, added to the water quickly and evenly dispersed into the opaque Emulsion. EC is characterized by: high efficacy, easy application, with the more stable. Common varieties of EC Triadimefon 10%, 25% Kuwana poisoning. chloro EC, 25% kill EC, 20% EC, etc. Ma Ju. EC production of organic solvents used are flammable materials, storage and transportation process should pay attention to safety. Organic solvents on apples, pears have a stimulating effect in young fruit, skinned fruit can increase the hole and reduce the fruit surface finish, it is recommended not to use EC as possible before bagging, particularly sensitive species and cultivars.
2 Agent
Where can dissolve in water, pesticides in the water without decomposition, can be formulated into liquids. Agent is an aqueous solution of pesticide, chemical state of the ions or molecules dispersed in the water, the concentration of agents depends on the original drug"s water solubility, in general, is its maximum solubility, diluted with water when used again. Agent compared with the EC, no organic solvents, surfactants can increase amount of spray used, less pollution to the environment, manufacturing process is simple, also very good efficacy, the development of a formulation should be. Common varieties of abamectin 2% liquid, 40% of the agent, etc. Isocarbophos.
3 Gum suspension agent also known as SC.
　　Does not dissolve in water with the original powder and the solid pesticide surfactant, water as the medium, the use of wet ultrafine grinding can be made of viscous flow of the suspension, such as 40% carbendazim plastic hanging agent. With WP compared with powder diameter is small, no dust pollution, the infiltration characteristics of high efficacy, both WP and EC formulations of the advantages of both, can freely mix with water. Prolonged storage, due to the sinking of suspended particles, precipitation phenomena occur, use must be fully shake, so that the lower part of drug re-suspended particles together to ensure the efficacy.
4 Water dispersible granules
　　Water dispersible granule is solid pesticide, wetting agents, dispersants, thickeners and other additives and fillers mixed granulation process made the rapid collapse of water distributed to SC. Water dispersible granules with good fluidity, easy to use, storage stability, higher active ingredient content of the characteristics of both WP and the suspension of benefits. Water dispersible granules of the active ingredient is generally 50% to 90%, such as 50% water dispersible granule agent imidacloprid.
5 WP
Pesticide is used, inert fillers and a certain amount of additives, by mixing crushed by the proportion, up to a certain degree of fineness of powder formulations. From the formal point of view, with the powder without distinction, but because of added wetting agent, dispersing agent, added to the water, the water can be wet, disperse to form a suspension can be spray applied. Compared with the EC, the production cost is low, the available paper or plastic packaging, storage and transportation convenient, safe, relatively easy to deal with packaging materials; more important is that WP does not use solvents and emulsifiers, safer plants, in Bagging before the use of organic solvents to avoid the stimulation of fruit surface. Common varieties of imidacloprid 10% WP, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP, 80% large hygiene.
6 Concentrated emulsion called EW
By the water-insoluble pesticide, emulsifier, dispersant, stabilizer, thickener, solvent and water is made by the smoothing process is the type of oil in water emulsion, the appearance of opaque oil droplet diameter of 0.2 ~ 2 m . Solvent with EC compared with the savings, environmental pollution, efficacy and the EC rather, is a promising new formulations. The preparation diluted with water before use.
7 Microemulsion Microemulsion
　By the active ingredients, emulsifiers, additives such as antifreeze and water, made of transparent or translucent liquid, cream overcome the shortcomings of using a large number of organic solvents, compared with the EC and the use of storage and transportation safety, environmental pollution, drug Liquid irritation in use before bagging to avoid damage to EC on young fruit. Since the formation of very small particle size emulsion, water use can not see the formation of EC on the white water emulsion, which is also called the water-based emulsion, can be melted cream, pharmaceutical dispersed particle diameter 0.01 ~ 0.1 m. Common varieties are 16% efficient microemulsion permethrin, 4.5% high chloride emulsion agent.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

About pencycuron : chlorobenzyl cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea effects on heterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria westielliopsis prolifica janet

By: J. I. Nirmal Kumar, Manmeet Kaur Amb & Anubhuti Bora

An extensive usage of fungicides in various tropical and subtropical countries to control various fungal infections adversely affects the growth of microflora, including cyanobacteria. Toxic effect of 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea (trade name pencycuron), a non-systemic protective fungicide recommended for controlling sheath blight of rice on Westielliopsis prolifica, an abundant cyanobacterium found in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields, was studied under laboratory conditions. Photopigments and stress metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and phenol content were measured across 16 days at 4-day intervals. Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities were also measured. The results revealed that pencycuron exerted unfavorable effects on the selected cyanobacterium at 100 and 200 ppm. Chlorophyll-a, carotenoids, phycoerythrin, amino acid, and enzyme activities were more adversely affected by pencycuron than other parameters, such as total carbohydrates, proteins, and phenols. The results support the suggestion that the physiological mode of pencycuron toxicity to W. prolifica is related to its interference with the metabolic and enzymatic reactions. For this reason, use of pencycuron should be prohibited in rice fields.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Comparative effects of herbicide dicamba and related compound on plant mitochondrial bioenergetics

The herbicide dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) was evaluated for its effects on bioenergetic activities of potato tuber mitochondria to elucidate putative mechanisms of action and to compare its toxicity with 2-chlorobenzoic acid. Dicamba (4 micro mol/mg mitochondrial protein) induces a limited stimulation of state 4 respiration of ca. 10%, and the above concentrations significantly inhibit respiration, whereas 2-chlorobenzoic acid maximally stimulates state 4 respiration (ca. 50%) at about 25 micro mol/mg mitochondrial protein. As opposed to these limited effects on state 4 respiration, transmembrane electrical potential is strongly decreased by dicamba and 2-chlorobenzoic acid. Dicamba (25 micro mol/mg mitochondrial protein) collapses, almost completely, Deltapsi; similar concentrations of 2-chlorobenzoic acid promote Deltapsi drops of about 50%. Proton permeabilization partially contributes to Deltapsi collapse since swelling in K-acetate medium is stimulated, with dicamba promoting a stronger stimulation. The Deltapsi decrease induced by dicamba is not exclusively the result of a stimulation on the proton leak through the mitochondrial inner membrane, since there was no correspondence between the Deltapsi decrease and the change on the O(2) consumption on state 4 respiration; on the contrary, for concentrations above 8 micro mol/mg mitochondrial protein a strong inhibition was observed. Both compounds inhibit the activity of respiratory complexes II and III but complex IV is not significantly affected. Complex I seems to be sensitive to these xenobiotics. In conclusion, dicamba is a stronger mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor and uncoupler as compared to 2-chlorobenzoic acid. Apparently, the differences in the lipophilicity are related to the different activities on mitochondrial bioenergetics. 

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Over $4M illegal pesticide seized in Guyana

Source:iNews Guyana　 The Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Control Board recently seized in excess of $4M in illegal Household and Agriculture Pesticides Products countrywide. The board in a statement on Monday, said the seizures are in keeping with the Board’s mandates for eradicating the importation, sale and use of illegal pesticides. "All products confiscated during these operations were not registered by the Board. In addition, the labeling standard does not comply with Regulation requirements. Over four (4) million dollars of illegal agricultural pesticides were confiscated along with numerous illegal household use products for the past two months” the statement said. "According to the board, the seizures are in keeping with the Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Control Regulations 2004 which dictates that all pesticides imported, sold and used in Guyana must be registered by the Board. "The Board wishes to re-emphasize that all pesticides are poisons, which pose high risks to human health and the environment” the statement said. It added that “the Board is notifying the general public that in accordance with the Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals Control Act 2000 (No. 13 of 2000), anyone who commits an offence against the Act by importation, distribution, vending, storage and use of any illegal pesticides including unregistered products such as agriculture pesticides, rat poison, fly, ants and roach baits, mosquito coil and aerosols, is liable to prosecution in the Courts of Guyana, and shall be FINED and IMPRISONED under the stated Act.” Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

About pencycuron : Effects of cultivars and fungicides on rice sheath blight, yield, and quality

The development of sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)-resistant rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars will allow producers to use less fungicide such as pencycuron and to avoid significant reductions in grain and milling yields. Among cultivars currently in cultivation in the southern United States rice-producing region, sheath blight resistance levels range from very susceptible to moderately susceptible. A study was conducted to determine the response of cultivars with different levels of susceptibility to sheath blight inoculations and fungicide applications such as pencycuron and to determine the impact of sheath blight disease development on rice yield and quality. Sheath blight epidemics in field plots were initiated by inoculation at the panicle differentiation growth stage from 2003 through 2005. Azoxystrobin at 0.17 kg a.i. ha–1 and flutolanil at 0.56 kg a.i. ha–1 were applied in sequential applications at midboot and 50 to 70% heading. Inoculation significantly increased sheath blight severity and incidence and caused yield losses of 4% in moderately susceptible cv. Francis to 21% in very susceptible cv. Cocodrie. Milling yield was affected to a lesser extent. Fungicide treatments such as pencycuron reduced sheath blight incidence and severity regardless of cultivar. Azoxystrobin was more effective than flutolanil in minimizing yield loss due to sheath blight in all cultivars except Francis. 

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Translocation of nicosulfuron and dicamba in hemp dogbane (apocynum cannabinum)

By: PABLO A. KALNAY and SCOTT GLENN
Absorption and translocation of nicosulfuron and dicamba applied alone and combined was studied in 25-cm-high hemp dogbane originating from lateral roots that had overwintered. Absorption of 14C-nicosulfuron by hemp dogbane was not affected by applications of 70 g ai/ha unlabeled dicamba. Upward translocation of 14C-nicosulfuron in hemp dogbane was 86% greater 6 d after treatment (DAT) when dicamba was tank mixed with nicosulfuron, compared to nicosulfuron applied alone. Combinations of nicosulfuron plus dicamba increased translocation of nicosulfuron to hemp dogbane crown and roots 237 and 130%, 1 and 6 DAT, respectively, compared to nicosulfuron applied alone. Absorption of 14C-dicamba by hemp dogbane was not affected by the addition of 31 g ai/ha nicosulfuron. Upward translocation of dicamba in hemp dogbane was 42% greater 6 DAT for nicosulfuron plus dicamba compared to dicamba applied alone. Increased hemp dogbane control with nicosulfuron plus dicamba compared to either herbicide applied alone can be explained by enhanced translocation of both herbicides.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Herbs 'can be natural pesticides'

Common herbs and spices show promise as an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional pesticides, scientists have told a major US conference.
They have spent a decade researching the insecticidal properties of rosemary, thyme, clove and mint.
They could become a key weapon against insect pests in organic agriculture, the researchers say, as the industry attempts to satisfy demand.
The "plant essential oils" have a broad range of action against bugs.
Some kill them outright while others repel them.
Details were presented at the Fall Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in Washington DC.
These new pesticides are generally a mixture of tiny amounts of two to four different herbs diluted in water.
The research was led by Dr Murray Isman, from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada.
Some spice-based commercial products now being used by farmers have already shown success in protecting organic strawberry, spinach, and tomato crops against destructive aphids and mites, Dr Isman explained.
"These products expand the limited arsenal of organic growers to combat pests," he said.
"They"re still only a small piece of the insecticide market, but they"re growing and gaining momentum."
Unlike conventional pesticides, these "killer spices" do not require more limited approval from regulatory bodies and are readily available.
An additional advantage is that insects are less likely to evolve resistance - the ability to shrug off once-effective toxins - Isman says. They"re also safer for farm workers, who are at high risk for pesticide exposure, he notes.
But the herb-based pesticides also have shortcomings.
Since the essential oils made from these herbs tend to evaporate quickly and degrade rapidly in sunlight, farmers need to apply them to crops more frequently than conventional pesticides.
Some last only a few hours, compared to days or even months for conventional pesticides.
As they are also generally less potent than conventional pesticides, they must be applied in higher concentrations to achieve acceptable levels of pest control, Dr Isman said.
Researchers are now seeking ways of making the novel pesticides longer-lasting and more potent, he added.
"They"re not a panace for pest control," Dr Isman explained.
Conventional pesticides are still the most effective way to control caterpillars, grasshoppers, beetles and other large insects on commercial food crops, he added.
"It comes down to what"s good for the environment and what"s good for human health."

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Fungicide such as pencycuron boosts rice production

By ZAC B. SARIAN

One of the technologies less known to many rice farmers is the use of a fungicide such as pencycuron that can effectively control fungal diseases like sheath blight, leaf spot, dirty panicle and sheath rot.using fungicide such as Armure 300 EC or pencycuron, can increase rice yields by 10 to 20 percent, according to Napoleon Saavedra, a top technical man of Syntenta. This has been proven not only in the Philippines but also abroad.
The usual trouble, according to Saavedra, is that it is sometimes difficult for farmers to identify these diseases so that they don’t bother to take preventive or control measures. In the end, they usually get a low yield from their rice crop.
Saavedra says that aside from producing high yield, the grains produced are heavier and are of higher quality. One farmer from the town of Quezon, Nueva Ecija, attests to this. He is Delfin “Boyong” del Rosario who said that when he was not yet using Armure, one sack filled with palay from plants unsprayed with the fungicide weighed only 45 to 50 kilos. The same sack filled with grains harvested from plants sprayed with Armure now weighs 57 to 59 kilos. That is why he has been using this chemical continuously for the last nine years.
Saavedra explains that the flag leaf of the plants treated with Armure remains green even if the grains are already golden yellow or about to be harvested. The flag leaf is the part of the plant that manufactures food for the grains and this is the reason why the grains tend to be fuller and heavier compared to the untreated.
He adds that the base of the plant becomes cleaner as well and free from diseases. The incidence of dirt y panicle is also minimized when treated with Armure.
The fungicide such as pencycuron is sprayed only twice during the cropping season. The first spraying is done at 30 to 45 days after transplanting or direct seeding. The second application is at 60 to 75 days after transplanting or direct seeding. The latter application helps in the grain-filling process and at the same time keeps the grain clean.



Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Differentially expressed genes in dicamba

By: BARBARA K. KEITH; ELENA B. KALININA; WILLIAM E. DYER
In an ongoing effort to investigate the mechanism of auxinic herbicide resistance in Kochia scoparia (kochia), polymerase chain reaction‐based cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization was used to identify genes that are differentially expressed between dicamba‐resistant (HRd) and dicamba‐susceptible (S1) kochia biotypes in response to herbicide treatment. Both the HRd and S1 adaptor‐ligated cDNAs were used in separate hybridizations in order to generate biotype‐specific clones. A total of 710 cDNAs, representing putative differentially expressed mRNAs, were isolated and subjected to further screening. The false‐positive cDNAs were removed by conducting two colony hybridizations and at least one Northern hybridization. Differential or biotype‐specific expression was confirmed for six clones each from the HRd and S1 plants. The S1‐related genes were constitutively expressed at higher levels than in the HRd plants, but none had significant sequence similarity to known genes. Among the HRd‐related genes, HRd‐88 had 42% amino acid sequence identity to a conserved domain within thiol peptidases, which might be involved in auxin‐regulated gene expression. The constitutively expressed and inducible (by the dicamba treatment) HRd‐39 had 40% identity and 60% similarity to a domain from the Fe(II)/α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent hydroxylase superfamily. The HRd‐39 gene product had the characteristics of an enzyme that is able to detoxify dicamba via oxidative hydroxylation and thus its overexpression might confer the dicamba resistance phenotype.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

New Green Pesticides: Photoactivated Pesticides

By: Ma Jinshi;Cheng Hao;Zhang Yi;Yan Fang

Photoactivated pesticides have many advantages compared with traditional pesticides. They are cheap , effective and environmentally safe. The most important components of photoactivated pesticides are photosensitizers. With the illumination and the presence of oxygen the photo sensitizers acton various biochemical components and cause toxic reaction inpests. The efficiency of photo sensitizers depends on the quantum yield of singlet oxygen which acts on the target substrate and oxidizes it. The resistance may be slow to develop due to the expected multiplicity of biological targets in the cell. The photosensitizer is a catalyst, not a participant and the excess part is photodecomposable. The photoactivated pesticides have great potential in promoting the development of agriculture.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Use of fungicides such as pencycuron for potato

Using a protectant fungicide such us pencycuron on a regular schedule with the application method best suited to your needs can be done economically, and provide good protection to early and late blight.　Fungicides such us pencycuron can be added to a program to help control white mold, pink rot, or other diseases. Choosing the right fungicide such us pencycuron, applying it properly, and using best timing will provide adequate protection for most potato diseases. 

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Effects of genotype and concentrations of dicamba on callus induction and plant regeneration from young inflorescences of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.)

By: E. Can, N. Celiktas, R. Hatipoglu, S. Yilmaz, S. Avci
This study was carried out to determine the effects of genotypes and dicamba concentrations ( 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg-l) on the callus induction and plant regeneration from the segments of young inflorescences cultured on the LS-me-dium in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L). The result of the study showed that callus induction rate, callus weight per petri dish and plant regeneration from the young inflorescences were significantly affected by the genotypes. Depending on the genotypes, callus induction rate, callus weight mg/petri dish and number of regenerates per inflorescence seg-ment varied from 20.3 %-67.2 %, 54.4-118.1, 0.797-2.719 respectively. Callus and shoot induction rates, callus weight and regeneration rate were also significantly influenced by the dicamba concentrations. The segments cultured on the LS medium containing 5 mg-l of dicamba gave the highest values of callus induction rate (77.1 %), shoot induction rate (66.6 %), callus weight (168.2 mg/ petri dish) and regeneration rate (3.458 regenerates per segment).

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

New Green Pesticides: Photoactivated Pesticides

By: Ma Jinshi;Cheng Hao;Zhang Yi;Yan Fang

Photoactivated pesticides have many advantages compared with traditional pesticides. They are cheap , effective and environmentally safe. The most important components of photoactivated pesticides are photosensitizers. With the illumination and the presence of oxygen the photo sensitizers acton various biochemical components and cause toxic reaction inpests. The efficiency of photo sensitizers depends on the quantum yield of singlet oxygen which acts on the target substrate and oxidizes it. The resistance may be slow to develop due to the expected multiplicity of biological targets in the cell. The photosensitizer is a catalyst, not a participant and the excess part is photodecomposable. The photoactivated pesticides have great potential in promoting the development of agriculture.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

About pencycuron: Control ofRhizoctonia solani in potato by biological, chemical and integrated measures

By: G. Jager, H. Velvis, J. G. Lamers, A. Mulder and Js. Roosjen
The effects of biological, chemical and integrated control on the formation of selerotia ofRhizoctonia solani on new potato tubers were studied in experimental fields. Sprouts of seed tubers, sprouted in daylight, were inoculated withVerticillium biguttatum, an ecologically obligate mycoparasite ofR. solani. Fungicides were mixed with the top soil. Biological control byV. biguttatum increased the percentage of harvests with less than 5% loss due to grading from 24% (non-inoculated) to 56%. Fungicides at the recommended rates usually gave good results but lower doses were less effective in sand than in loam soils. When fungicides were combined with biological control, the results were often, better: harvests with less than 5% sorting loss increased from 56 to 81%. Integrated control with pencycuron at 25% of the recommended rate was about equal to chemical control with pencycuron at full rate. The advantages of integrated control are discussed.

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The chlorophenoxy herbicide dicamba and its commercial formulation banvel induce genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells

By: Norma V. González, Sonia Soloneski, Marcelo L. Larramendy
The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency, the cell-cycle progression analysis, and the single cell gel electrophoresis technique (SCGE, comet assay) were employed as genetic end-points to investigate the geno- and citotoxicity exerted by dicamba and one of its commercial formulation banvel (dicamba 57.71%) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Log-phase cells were treated with 1.0–500.0 μg/ml of the herbicides and harvested 24 h later for SCE and cell-cycle progression analyses. All concentrations assessed of both test compounds induced higher SCE frequencies over control values. SCEs increased in a non-dose-dependent manner neither for the pure compound (r = 0.48; P > 0.05) nor for the commercial formulation (r = 0.58, P > 0.05). For the 200.0 μg/ml and 500.0 μg/ml dicamba doses and the 500.0 μg/ml banvel dose, a significant delay in the cell-cycle progression was found. A regression test showed that the proliferation rate index decreased as a function of either the concentration of dicamba (r = −0.98, P < 0.05) or banvel (r = −0.88, P < 0.01) titrated into cultures in the 1.0–500.0 μg/ml dose-range. SCGE performed on CHO cells after a 90 min pulse-treatment of dicamba and banvel within a 50.0–500.0 μg/ml dose-range revealed a clear increase in dicamba-induced DNA damage as an enhancement of the proportion of slightly damaged and damaged cells for all concentrations used (P < 0.01); concomitantly, a decrease of undamaged cells was found over control values (P < 0.01). In banvel-treated cells, a similar overall result was registered. Dicamba induced a significant increase both in comet length and width over control values (P < 0.01) regardless of its concentration whereas banvel induced the same effect only within 100.0–500.0 μg/ml dose range (P < 0.01). As detected by three highly sensitive bioassays, the present results clearly showed the capability of dicamba and banvel to induce DNA and cellular damage on CHO cells.

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Move to rein in high use of pesticides in UAE agriculture

Source:gulfnews.com　 The pesticide consumption in agriculture is much higher in the UAE than other parts of the world, an expert said on Monday. The pesticide consumption in the UAE is 9.86 kilograms per hectare in the UAE whereas it is 0.5 kg in India, 1.5 kg in the US and 1.9 kg in Europe, Ramasamy Srinivasan, entomologist, The World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC), said in Taiwan. He was speaking at a symposium on ‘Integrated management system for agricultural pests" in Al Ain on Monday, organised by the Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority"s (ADFCA) development sector. Srinivasan said alternative pest management strategies are needed to prevent adverse effects on human health and the environment caused by the overuse of pesticides. In his opening address at the symposium, Rashid Mohammad Al Shariqi, director general of ADFCA, said that the Authority has already started addressing the concerns about high pesticide consumption. The pest management efforts in farming are crucial for better productivity and food safety, he said. A senior official told Gulf News on Monday that Abu Dhabi"s efforts to reduce the use of pesticides in farming by 2013 will also lower the reported higher consumption rate of pesticides in the UAE. Targeted reductions "We are making all efforts to reduce the use of pesticide in farming in the emirate by 25 per cent by 2013 as part of the sustainable agriculture strategy," Mohammad Jalal Al Reyaysa, director of communication and community services at ADFCA, said. The Farmers Service Centre (FSC) under ADFCA has started resorting to biological and mechanical methods to control pests in order to do away with chemical pesticides in many farms, he said. Al Reyaysa said such measures are gradually being extended to all 24,000 farms in the emirate. "These efforts will also reduce the reported higher consumption rate of pesticides in the UAE because most of the agricultural land in the country is in Abu Dhabi," the official said. Local produce He said 90 per cent of the local produce will be fully compliant with international standards by 2013. The symposium held in-depth discussions on various aspects of pest management in farming, especially the ill-effects of some methods and the healthier alternatives available. Current pesticide input levels are unsustainable and a cause for serious concern for human health, Michael L. Deadman, from the Department of Crop Sciences at the College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, said. The red palm weevil was a major threat to the date palm farms in the Gulf countries since its earliest report in mid-eighties, P.S.P.V. Vidyasagar, chair of date palm research, plant protection department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, said. Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

About using pencycuron: Effects of soil disinfection and potato harvesting methods on stem infection byRhizoctonia solani Kühn in the following year

By: M. Lootsma and K. Scholte

A two year field experiment was conducted twice to assess effects of chemical soil disinfection at planting and methods of harvesting potatoes on stem infection withRhizoctonia solani in the subsequent year. In the first year of the experiments seven methods. including one with soil disinfection at planting, were applied in August. In the following year,R. solani stem and stolon infection (disease severity) on potato plants were assessed in June. Soil treatment at planting with pencycuron resulted in lowest disease severity in the following year. Compared with chemical haulm killing and haulm pulling. immature-crop-harvesting also resulted in a lower disease severity, but only when black scurf was scarce on tubers at harvest in the preceding year.





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Photolysis of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) in aqueous solution and dispersed on solid supports

By:Jean-Pierre Aguer,1 Frédéric Blachère,1 Pierre Boule,1 Sandrine Garaudee,2 and Chantal Guillard2

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) was exposed to UV light in aqueous solution. It was also irradiated in the solid phase without support or adsorbed on laponite (a synthetic clay) and ferric oxide.
Two main photoproducts (1) and (2) were identified in irradiated aqueous solutions. Both involve the substitution of chlorine by OH. The unexpected product (2) is formed through a kinetic reaction of primary product; it results from an oxidation and it is not formed in the absence of oxygen.
A huge number of intermediate products were simultaneously formed when dicamba is irradiated in the solid phase in presence of laponite. They correspond to methylation, decarboxylation, chlorination, dechlorination, and hydroxylation reactions. The latter is probably due to the presence of water in clays, whereas methylation, chlorination and decarboxylation have been attributed to the cage effect and to an energy transfer process. Without support or with ferric oxide, no decarboxylation occurs. The nature of the inorganic support also modify the kinetics of dicamba photolysis.




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China novel pesticide registrations broke historic record in 2011

According to Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals Ministry of Agriculture (ICAMA), total 652 products for temporary approval were evaluated by ICAMA in 2011, of which 542 passed evaluation (83%) and 110 failed.
Some 23 novel pesticides covering 37 products were evaluated in 2011, a year with the largest amounts over the past 10 years. Half of the evaluated novel pesticides were registered by Chinese enterprises on behalf of overseas enterprises for production in China while the other half was engineered by Chinese enterprises, indicating that the capability, product quality and management skill of Chinese pesticide producers have come quite close to the international level.
Over 60% of the temporarily registered formulations in 2011 referred to water-based and granule formulation, so far there have been some 3,700 environment-friendly registered formulations which currently still remain valid. This showed that China’s pesticide formulations continue to be optimized with the increase of water-based and granule formulations.
Among the 47 temporarily registered pesticides that have been approved in 2011, two products are medium toxic, none is high toxic and all the rest are low toxic; the low-toxic formulations account for above 80% of total registered products. In addition, registration requests for botanical, microbial and biological pesticides have grown significantly; there were 4 registration requests for biological pesticide among the 23 novel pesticide applications in 2011 which reveal the trend of low-toxic pesticide registration.
2011 evaluation focused more on the safety side of pesticide, and would not endorse products which have excessive residues, be harmful to users’ health and environment or which may lead to pesticide injuries.



Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Using fungicide such as pencycuron protection seeds

Seed Treatments
Seed and seedling diseases will reduce germination and/or emergence of soybeans. Using an
appropriate fungicide treatment such as pencycuron on soybean planting seeds will increase the probability of achieving a satisfactory stand and will enhance early-season vigor of established seedlings. When seed of preferred varieties is in short supply or seed for replanting may not be available, using a seed treatment fungicide to enhance emergence and stand establishment of a first planting is imperative.
Environments in which fungicide seed treatments such as pencycuron provide benefit are early planting in cool wet soils with anticipated slow seedling emergence and growth, minimum-till or no-till systems, fields with high amounts of surface residue, fields that are planted continuously to soybeans, and fields with a previous history of seedling diseases.
There are two classes or types of seed treatment fungicides. Contact or protectant fungicides are
active against pathogens present on planted seeds such as pencycuron. Systemic fungicides are active against soil- and residueborne
fungi that attack planted seeds if soil conditions promote disease development. Phomopsis, Pythium,
Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium are the most common pathogens that reduce soybean
germination and emergence, and represent both of the above classes. Fungicide combinations that control
or suppress various of these pathogens are shown in the accompanying table and should be considered for
broad-spectrum control of both classes of fungi.
Many studies have shown that using a seed treatment results in a greater plant population than is
achieved without seed treatment. This, then, can be used to decide what seed treatment expense is justified
in the absence of an anticipated yield increase. The following example illustrates this point.
Soybean stands are often increased by over 10% when the proper seed treatment is used.
Therefore, a planned seeding rate of 150,000 seeds per acre can be reduced by at least 15,000 seeds per
acre and still achieve the desired stand. For a variety that has 3,000 seeds per pound, this translates to
saving 5 pounds of seed or $5.00 per acre when seed cost is $1.00 per pound. Thus, using an effective
fungicide seed treatment that costs no more than $5.00 per acre (most cost less) can be justified in seed cost
savings alone. Saving 15,000 seeds per acre also means that 10 acres instead of 9 can be planted with the
same amount of seed. On a broader scale, 1,000 vs. 900 acres can be planted with the same amount of
seed of a preferred variety if seeding rate is reduced from 150,000 to 135,000 per acre. This is an
important consideration if seed of the preferred variety are unavailable for replanting.
Use the information in the below table to determine the most appropriate broad-spectrum seed
treatment fungicide to use in your environment. Labels for each listed product can be accessed by clicking
on the product name. Information about rates and product effectiveness against damage by various
pathogens can be accessed by clicking on the sites in the table footnote.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

About dicamba :Effects of conventional and mulch tillage on dicamba transport

Authors :Watts, D. W.; Hall, J. K.
Leaching and runoff losses of the postemergence-applied herbicide dicamba were evaluated over a 3-yr period (1989 to 1991) at Rock Springs, Pennsylvania. Dicamba was applied at the recommended rate (0.56 kg ai/ha) to conventional and mulch tillage planted corn [maize] fields on Hagerstown silty clay loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Mulch tillage followed several years of no-tillage corn. Root zone leachates were collected utilizing pan lysimeters placed 1.2 m below the soil surface. Surface runoff was monitored and collected with an HS-flume and automated sampling equipment. Leaching was greatest during 1989, and runoff events were recorded only during this season. Leachate samples containing measurable levels of dicamba were obtained within 21 d of herbicide application or within slightly more than one soil half-life of this chemical. More dicamba leached under mulch tillage than conventional tillage management. Tillage rotation (no tillage to mulch tillage) did not alter the leaching loss potential of dicamba beneath the minimally tilled soil surface, as postulated, compared with the previous untilled surface. The mulch tillage surface reduced runoff water losses compared with conventional tillage, but early-season leaching activity, coupled with the minimal persistence of dicamba in soil, negated runoff transport of this herbicide from either tillage system when the first runoff event occurred 12 d after its application. 

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EPA approved new pesticide product Contram ST-1

Source:EPA News Release　

The US company Lubrizol in Ohio had submitted an application in June 2009 to register the pesticide product, Contram ST-1, as an antimicrobial preservative to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi in metalworking, cutting, cooling and lubricating concentrates.　
This product was not previously registered. After considering all required data on risks associated with the proposed use of N, N"Methylenebismorpholine, and information on social, economic and environmental benefits to be derived from use, the EPA approved the application on November 2, 2011.　
The EPA has also reviewed the nature of the chemical and its pattern of use, application methods and rates, and level and extent of potential exposure and made basic health and safety determinations that use of N, N"Methylenebismorpholine when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice, will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

How to use the pencycuron of pioneer chemical

Mode of action about pencycuron The active ingredient pencycuron is a non-systemic fungicide with protective action. How to Use The fungicide pencycuron can be used as a foliar spray and dust application, a seed treatment, or by soil incorporation. Control of diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pellicularia spp. in potatoes (15-25 g/100 kg seed, 3-5 kg/ha in seed furrow), rice (150-250 g/ha foliar), cotton (45-75 g/100 kg seed), sugar beet (500 g/ha foliar), vegetables (1250-1500 g/ha drench and incorporation in field at transplanting), ornamentals and turf. In particular, control of black scurf of potatoes, sheath blight of rice, and damping-off of ornamentals.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

The herbicide dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) interacts with mitochondrial bioenergetic functions

BY: Francisco Peixoto, Joaquim A. F. Vicente and Vítor M. C. Madeira

The effects of dicamba, a widely used broad-leaf herbicide, on rat liver mitochondrial bioenergetic activities were examined. The results obtained for state 4 respiration indicate not only an uncoupling effect, the result of an increase on the permeability of inner mitochondria membrane to protons, but also a strong inhibitory effect on the redox complexes. State 3 and respiration uncoupled by FCCP (carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) were inhibited to approximately the same extent, i.e. by about 70%. Depression of respiratory activity is essentially mediated through partial inhibition of mitochondrial complexes II and III. ATPase activity was much less depressed by dicamba than ATP synthase activity. Therefore, a considerable part of the inhibition observed on ATP synthase is the result of an inhibition on the redox complexes. The loss of phosphorylation capacity, induced by dicamba, was in the last analysis not only the result of a direct effect of dicamba on the enzymatic complex (F 0–F 1 ATPase) but also the result of a deleterious effect on the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane, which can promote an inhibition of the respiratory complexes and an increase of the proton permeability of the inner membrane.


Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Australian pesticide sales up 13% in 2010-11

Source:Agropages.com　

Pesticide sales in Australia rose by 13% comparing with the previous year to Aus$ 2,420.6 million (US$ 2,617.2 million at the current rate) in the fiscal year 2011 which ended June 30th, according to the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA).
Herbicides were the largest category, sales up 5% to Aus$ 1,251.8 million (US$ 1,353.4 million), accounting for 52% of the total sales. Both insecticides and fungicides post significant sales increase, insecticides up 32.6% to Aus$ 363.7 million (US$ 393.4 million), and the latter jumped by 46.8% to Aus$ 231.1 million (US$ 250.0 million).
There were 6,687 registered pesticide products on the market in the fiscal 2011, compared with 6,241 last year. The registered products include 2,130 herbicides, 1,098 insecticides, 619 fungicides, 529 Household insecticides and 98 miticides.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Pencycuron application to soils: Degradation and effect on microbiological parameters

By: R. Pal,K. Chakrabarti, A. Chakraborty, A. Chowdhury
Clay loam soil from agricultural fields of alluvial (AL) soil (typic udifluvent) and coastal saline (CS) soil (typic endoaquept) were investigated for the degradation and effect of pencycuron application at field rate (FR), 2-times FR (2FR) and 10-times FR (10FR) with and without decomposed cow manure (DCM) on soil microbial variables under laboratory conditions. Pencycuron degraded faster in CS soil and in soil amended with DCM. Pencycuron spiking at FR and 2FR resulted in a short-lived (in case of 10FR slightly longer) and transitory toxic effect on soil microbial biomass-C (MBC), ergosterol content and fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA). Amendment of DCM did not seem to have any counteractive effect of the toxicity of pencycuron on the microbial variables. The ecophysiological status of the soil microbial communities as expressed by microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) and microbial respiration quotient (QR) changed, but for a short period, indicating pencycuron induced disturbance. The duration of this disturbance was slightly longer at 10FR. Pencycuron was more toxic to the metabolically activated soil microbial populations, specifically the fungi. It is concluded that side effects of pencycuron at 10FR on the microbial variables studied were only short-lived and probably of little ecological significance.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Metal complexes of dicamba: the crystal and molecular structures of dicamba(3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and catena-μ-Aqua-diaquabis(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoato)zinc(II) dihydrate

By: G Smith, EJ O"Reilly and CHL Kennard
The crystal structures of the herbicide, dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and the zinc(II) complex of this acid, {[Zn(dicamba)2(H2O)3].2H2O}}n (1), have been determined from X-ray diffraction data and refined by least squares to final residuals of 0.034 and 0.043 respectively. Dicamba is triclinic, space group P1, Z 2 with a cell a 7.232(1), b 7.971(1), c 9.050(3) Å, α 102.76(3), β 91.33(3), γ 110.38(1), while (1) is monoclinic, space group P21/n, Z 4 with a cell a 10.467(1), b 8.135(3), c 28.079(2) Å, β 96.497(7). Dicamba forms hydrogen-bonded cyclic dimers [O---O, 2.655(7) Å] with the carboxyl and the methoxy groups synclinal to the benzene ring. The dicamba ligands retain their conformation in the ZnII complex and are cis-related and unidentate [Zn-0,2.083,2.095(4) Å]. Three of the waters are coordinated [Zn-0, 2.036, 2.055, 2.099(4) Å] with one of these also acting as a bridging ligand between the octahedral zinc centres [Zn-0, 2.326(4) Å], giving a "linear" polymer structure [Zn-0-Zn bridge angle, 133.6(3)]. The MnII and CoII complexes of dicamba [(2) and (3)] have been confirmed as isomorphous and isostructural with the ZnII analogue

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

New silver based pesticide received conditional approval in US

Source:Agropages.com　

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced the approval of an application submitted by HeiQ Materials AG, to conditionally register the pesticide product HeiQ AGS-20.
HeiQ AGS-20 was applied to be used as an antimicrobial and preservative additive used to treat fibers, plastics, polymers, latex products and ceramics, containing the active ingredient silver nanoparticles, which includes particles in the size range between 1 and 100 nm) at 19.3%. HeiQ subsequently submitted a revised label limiting use to the treatment of fibers only. This active ingredient has not been included in any previously registered product.
EPA has finally conditionally approved the application of HeiQ AGS-20, the end use product, an antimicrobial and preservative additive used to treat fibers.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Safe use of pesticides such as pencycuron around the homeAround the Home

Controlling pests in and around the home and garden is seemingly a never-ending problem. Insects invade homes, contaminate stored food products, carry certain organisms that cause serious human and animal diseases, infest pets, and threaten fruit trees, ornamental plants, and vegetables.
Molds can attack food, plants, ornamentals, and grasses, and can cause serious food contamination and health problems. Mildew fungi are very destructive to clothing, rugs, and other fiber products. Weeds are always competing with ornamentals, vegetables, and grasses for space, nutrients, and water.
To help the homeowner, a wide array of pesticides has been developed to control pests in and around the home and garden.
But just how safe are pesticides such as pencycuron? This is a very important question, particularly for the applicator and for those who may come in contact with the pesticides before, during, or immediately after the application.
Generally, home pesticide such us pencycuron are safe if handled properly and according to the instructions on the product label. In most instances, the problems associated with the use of pesticides in and around the home environment are the result of individuals failing to educate themselves about the use of these products. When handled in a careless manner, pesticides may endanger the health of the user as well as the welfare of other persons, pets, and the environment. The most important thing you can do to minimize problems is always read the label before using any pesticide product! What is a Pesticide? A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to prevent development of, repel, destroy, or kill a pest. And what is a pest? Pests are living organisms that bother, injure, or cause damage to buildings, plants, humans, and animals, including pets. Pests can be animals such as rats, mice, birds, and deer; or insects such as ticks, mites, snails, slugs, and nematodes. Many animal and insect pests carry a variety of disease organisms that are injurious to adults, children, and pets.
Pests can also be plants such as weeds; or fungi such as mildews, blights, molds, and rusts. Finally, pests can be microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
The term pesticide refers to insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests. Some pesticides are classified as Restricted Use pesticides if there is reason to believe they could harm humans, livestock, wildlife, or the environment, even when used according to label directions. To apply these types of pesticides in Pennsylvania, a person is required to have a pesticide applicator certification or be under the direct supervision of a certified applicator.
All other pesticides are classified as Unclassified/General Use pesticides such as pencycuron, and anyone can apply them according to label directions. Many household products are pesticides, including the following common products:
1. Cockroach sprays and baits
2. Insect repellents to repel mosquitoes and other biting insects
3. Rat and other rodent poisons
4. Flea and tick sprays, powders, and pet collars
5. Kitchen, laundry, and bath disinfectants and sanitizers
6. Products that kill mold and mildew
7. Some lawn and garden products such as weed killers
8. Some swimming pool chemicals Pesticides are made up of one or more active ingredients (AI), and inert ingredients.
The active ingredient(s) is the material that controls the pest. The inert ingredients are used to dilute the active ingredient and/or are substances to help the active ingredient target the pest.

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Dissipation of dicamba and 2,4-D in a heterogeneous landscape

BY:G. Voos, P.M. Groffman
The objectives of this study were to quantify differences in herbicide persistence in different components of a heterogeneous landscape and to determine if positive relationships between microbial biomass C and N content and herbicide degradation observed in a laboratory microcosm study held up under field conditions. An 80-day field experiment was conducted to study the dissipation of the herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba from soil in a variety of land-use types. The herbicides were applied to 1 m2 plots in corn field, hardwood forest, home lawn and freshwater forested wetland ecosystems. 2,4-D was completely dissipated by Day 20 in each of the land-use types. Dicamba was totally dissipated in the corn and home lawn plots, but was still present on Day 80 in the wetland and hardwood forest soils. In contrast to a previous laboratory microcosm study done with the same soils, at roughly the same time, there were significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) between microbial biomass C and N and soil organic matter content and dicamba degradation. Dicamba probably persisted in the forest and wetland soils, which had high microbial biomass, owing to sorption in the acidic, organic-rich surface horizons of these soils. Our results indicate that in terrestrial ecosystems, physical soil factors such as sorption can overwhelm biological factors, including the size of the active microbial biomass, in determining the environmental fate of these herbicides.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

China's pesticides import & export in the first ten months of 2011

Source:Agropages.com　2012-3-9

According to the customs, the value of Chinese imports of pesticides in the first ten months of 2011 was $408 million, with volume reaching 44,000 tons. Fungicides was the only category to maintain growth, total import volume was 16,000 tons, up by 32.5%. The import volume of insecticides and herbicides were 5,600 tons and 14,000 tons, down by 23% and 23.7%, respectively.
The export volume of pesticides was 664,800 tons, consisting of herbicides, 411,500 tons, up by 46.3% year on year, insecticides, 170,900 tons, increased by 23.2% and fungicides, 64,400 tons, up by 24.2%.
From above figures can be seen that the major category of import was still fungicides. The import volume of insecticides and herbicides posted significant decreases. But which can not be ignored is that the decrease of import volume didn’t reflect in the import value equally. The accumulated import volume from January to October was 44,000 tons, with value of $408 million. In October, the export volume was 53,700 tons, higher than the accumulated import volume, but value was only $162 million, less than 40% of export value. Upgrading product quality continuously has become the significant factor deciding Chinese pesticide industry’s status in the global competition.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Spray Pesticides such as pencycuron Safely

Do it the right way so you don"t end up irritating your allergies.
Allergens from cockroaches and other small pests can cause a lot of sneezing and sniffling, but you can take measures to get rid of them. Consider using poison baits, boric acid (for cockroaches), or traps. If you decide to use a pesticide spray such as pencycuron, remember that it may contain chemicals that also irritate allergies or asthma symptoms. Take the following precautions to eliminate allergens without aggravating your triggers:
1.Do not spray pesticide such as pencycuron in food preparation or storage areas.
2.Do not spray pesticide such as pencycuron in areas where children play or sleep.
3.Limit spraying to the infested area.
4.Follow instructions on the label carefully.
5.Make sure there is plenty of fresh air when you spray pesticide such as pencycuron.
6.Keep the person with allergies or asthma out of the room while spraying.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Comparisons of Dicamba, Picloram, and 2,4-D for Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) Control

Fall applications of 0.14 kg/ha of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) to musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) rosettes controlled musk thistle stems better and more consistently than fall applications of 2.2 kg/ha of 2,4-D amine [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 0.6 kg/ha of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), or a mixture of 0.3 kg/ha dicamba + 1.1 kg/ha of 2,4-D. Dry conditions in 1975 and cool conditions in November, 1976, hampered control with all herbicides except picloram. In spring applications when growing conditions were favorable, herbicide differences were usually not significant. For all herbicides, treatment of bolted stems did not control musk thistle satisfactorily. Picloram was superior for reducing stems 12 to 18 months after application in 2 of 3 yr. Residual control resulted principally because the herbicide killed many seedlings and first-year rosettes at the time of application. 

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Pesticides banned or phased out in 2011

January
The Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) proposed to ban the use of two organophosphorus insecticides, parathion-methyl and phorate in the Brazilian market.

February
New Zealand proposed to phase out the use of two insecticides acephate and methamidophos, and fungicide quintozene.

March
New Zealand decided to ban the organophosphate insecticide trichlorfon.

April
India agreed to phase out pesticide endosulfan.

May
United Nations declared global ban on insecticide endosulfan.

June
New Zealand proposed to phase out for insecticide diazinon.

August
Australia may take regulatory action to control the widely used agricultural chemical dimethoate due to potential health concerns.
Argentina confirmed to phase-out endosulfan by 2012.
Australia decided to phase out the organophosphate insecticide, parathion-methyl over the next two years.

September
The Office of Indiana State Chemist has banned the sale and distribution of DuPont"s herbicide Imprelis (active ingredient: aminocyclopyrachlor).
The European Commission has decided not to re-register the insecticide/acaricide, flufenoxuron, and the acaricide, propargite.

October
China cancelled all registrations and production licenses of fenamiphos, fonofos, phosfolan-methyl, calcium phosphide, magnesium phosphide, zinc phosphide, cadusafos, coumaphos, sulfotep and terbufos by 31st October 2011 and ban their marketing and usage by 31st October 2013.
The European Commission decided not to approve herbicide propanil.
The European Commission has decided not to re-register the herbicide, asulam.
EU decided not to renew the approval of the plant growth regulator, cyclanilide.

November
The European Commission has decided not to approve the herbicide, propanil, and the plant growth regulator, 2-naphthyloxyacetic acid.

December
The European Commission has decided not to re-register the herbicide, acetochlor.
US EPA phased out for acaricide, dicofol.
The Dominican Republic banned five pesticides acephate, aldicarb, methamidophos, monocrotophos and omethoate and restricted the use of 22 others.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Source:Agropages.com　

Using fungicide such as pencycuron sprays effectively

By: Stephen Nameth, Jim Chatfield
Fungicides such as pencycuron can be an important component of the disease management program. However, it is important to remember that their use should be integrated with the use of sound cultural practices, a knowledge of pathogen and disease biology, and disease resistance whenever possible.
Fungicides such as pencycuron are only effective when infectious plant diseases that are caused by fungi are truly the cause of the problem. In many cases, pests and diseases follow other environmental imbalances and may not be the major problem. In cases such as these, a fungicide may help but is often not the total answer. Also, it is important to remember that fungicides such as pencycuron are only effective if several rules are followed. First, the correct material must be selected. This depends on correct diagnosis and identification of the pathogen. Second, the chemical must be applied at the right time of year and frequently enough to protect plant material adequately. Third, fungicides must be applied properly over plant surfaces. These three rules depend on making correct decisions based on correct knowledge. Too many people simply "spray and pray," and are often disappointed with the results.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Quantifying vapor drift of dicamba herbicides applied to soybean

By: J. Franklin Egan,David A. Mortensen
Recent advances in biotechnology have produced cultivars of corn, soybean, and cotton resistant to the synthetic-auxin herbicide dicamba. This technology will allow dicamba herbicides to be applied in new crops, at new periods in the growing season, and over greatly expanded areas, including postemergence applications in soybean. From past and current use in corn and small grains, dicamba vapor drift and subsequent crop injury to sensitive broadleaf crops has been a frequent problem. In the present study, the authors measured dicamba vapor drift in the field from postemergence applications to soybean using greenhouse-grown soybean as a bioassay system. They found that when the volatile dimethylamine formulation is applied, vapor drift could be detected at mean concentrations of 0.56&#8201;g acid equivalent dicamba/ha (0.1% of the applied rate) at 21&#8201;m away from a treated 18.3&#8201;×&#8201;18.3&#8201;m plot. Applying the diglycolamine formulation of dicamba reduced vapor drift by 94.0%. With the dimethylamine formulation, the extent and severity of vapor drift was significantly correlated with air temperature, indicating elevated risks if dimethylamine dicamba is applied early to midsummer in many growing regions

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

China’s eleven months pesticides output reached 2.37 million tons

Source:Agropages.com　2012-3-8
In November 2011, China has produced 240,000 tons of pesticides, down 5.1% year on year. Cumulative pesticide output from January to November was 2.38 million tons, drop by 4.5%, consisting of 629,500 tons of insecticides, down 20% year on year; 138,800 tons of fungicides, down 23.1%; 1,056,700 tons of herbicides, up 6.3%. Herbicides account for the largest proportion of the total pesticides output with its 44.8% share. The proportion for insecticides and fungicides were 26.5% and 5.8%, respectively.
The leading province of pesticides production in the first eleven months was Jiangsu Province, with output 680,000 tons, up 22.8% comparing with the same period of last year, accounted for 28.8% of Chinese total output. The following provinces were Shandong, Zhejiang and Hubei, accounting for 20%, 9.3% and 7.8% of total output.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Applying pesticides such as pencycuron

When applying pesticides such as pencycuron: Use the least toxic pesticide such as pencycuron available for pest control. Ensure only the recommended rate of pesticide is used. Wear protective clothing and equipment appropriate to the pesticide as described on the label. Prepare only enough for immediate use. Keep a record of the use and results. Ensure equipment works properly and does not leak. Cover feed and water containers near areas where livestock are grazing. Don’t eat, drink or smoke while pouring, mixing or spraying. Don’t pour concentrated pesticides into tanks above shoulder height. Never work alone if you are using a highly toxic pesticide such as pencycuron.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

Dicamba Tolerance for Soybeans Coming in 2014

by Andy Eubank
By 2014 Monsanto should have approval to offer farmers a new soybean system to help with tough to manage and glyphosate resistant weeds. The company announced their new Roundup Ready&reg; Xtend Crop System last week at Commodity Classic.
Simone Seifert-Higgins with Monsanto says the first biotech-stacked traits in soybeans will include dicamba tolerance.
“The system consists of multiple points,” she said. “One is of course the germplasm. Second is the trait, and the dicamba tolerance trait was added on the proven Roundup Ready 2 technology, pretty much realizing high yield potential there. But having the opportunity to use dicamba for in-season weed management is an additional plus growers can use for effective weed management. So not only do we have effective weed management by using this product in-season, the product can also be used pre-emergence.”
She tells HAT the Xtend name comes from the extended weed control growers get in several ways.
“It extends the weed spectrum that can be controlled with this particular technology. It extends the length of time you will have for your control, and it also extends the window to make a more timely application post emergence.”
Monsanto is working with Purdue weed scientist Bill Johnson, and field demonstrations should be available in Indiana this season.
“We’re very excited about the work we’re doing with him and he is actually testing dicamba tolerant soybeans for us to develop the regional weed management recommendations. We are still working on the exact details in terms of what demonstration trials will be available for viewing in Indiana this season.”
The Xtend Crop System will be part of Monsanto’s Roundup Ready PLUS Weed Management Solutions platform, which offers weed management recommendations are developed in conjunction with leading academics, agronomists and other industry partners for control of tough weeds.
Once approved, the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System will be available in all Monsanto soybean brands, and broadly licensed to independent seed companies.　Although soybean farmers will have first access to Roundup Ready Xtend crops and Roundup Xtend herbicide, Monsanto also plans to have a follow-up introduction for cotton.
Monsanto and BASF have been collaborating on the advancement of next generation low-volatility herbicide technology to be used in the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop Systems.
Seifert-Higgins is Dicamba/Selective Chemistry Technology Development Manager for Monsanto. 

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD 

China’s eleven months pesticides output reached 2.37 million tons

Source:Agropages.com　2012-3-8
In November 2011, China has produced 240,000 tons of pesticides, down 5.1% year on year. Cumulative pesticide output from January to November was 2.38 million tons, drop by 4.5%, consisting of 629,500 tons of insecticides, down 20% year on year; 138,800 tons of fungicides, down 23.1%; 1,056,700 tons of herbicides, up 6.3%. Herbicides account for the largest proportion of the total pesticides output with its 44.8% share. The proportion for insecticides and fungicides were 26.5% and 5.8%, respectively.
The leading province of pesticides production in the first eleven months was Jiangsu Province, with output 680,000 tons, up 22.8% comparing with the same period of last year, accounted for 28.8% of Chinese total output. The following provinces were Shandong, Zhejiang and Hubei, accounting for 20%, 9.3% and 7.8% of total output.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD