About pencycuron: Interactions between nematophagous fungi and consequences for their potential as biological agents for the control of potato cyst nematodes

By: H Jacobs, SN Gray, DH Crump
The efficacies of three nematophagous fungi, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Pochonia chlamydosporia, for controlling potato cyst nematodes (PCN) as part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) regime were studied. The compatibility of the nematophagous fungi with commonly used chemical pesticides and their ability to compete with the soil fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium bilaii and Trichoderma harzianum were tested in vitro. Paecilomyces lilacinus was the most successful competitor when the ability to grow and inhibit growth of an opposing colony at both 10 and 20 degrees C was considered. P. lilacinus also showed potential for control of the soil-borne fungal pathogen R. solani, releasing a diffusable substance in vitro which inhibited its growth and caused morphological abnormalities in its hyphae. Pochonia chlamydosporia was least susceptible to growth inhibition by other fungi at 20 degrees in vitro, but the isolate tested did not grow at 10 degrees. Plectosphaerella cucumerina was a poor saprophytic competitor. Radial growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus and Plectosphaerella cucumerina was slowed, but not prevented, when grown on potato dextrose agar incorporating the fungicides fenpiclonil and tolclofos-methyl, and was not inhibited by the addition of pencycuron or the nematicide oxamyl. Radial growth of Pochonia chlamydosporia was partially inhibited by all the chemical pesticides tested. The efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus as a control agent for R. solani was further investigated in situ. Treatment with P. lilacinus significantly reduced the symptoms of Rhizoctonia disease on potato stems in a pot trial. The effectiveness of P. lilacinus and P. cucumerina against PCN was also tested in situ. Three application methods were compared; incorporating the fungi into alginate pellets, Terra-Green inoculated with the fungi and applying conidia directly to the tubers. Both formulations containing P. lilacinus and formulation mixtures alone, particularly alginate pellets, significantly reduced multiplication of PCN in soil. We conclude that P. lilacinus showed the greatest potential for use in combination with selected fungicides and nematicides as part of an IPM programme for the control of PCN, but further work is required to confirm whether it is effective against PCN in soil

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Dicamba adsorption–desorption on organoclays - Elsevier

By: M.J. Carrizosaa, W.C. Koskinenb, M.C. Hermosin , a, , J. Cornejoa

The adsorption–desorption of the herbicide dicamba (pKa=1.9, water solubility, 6.5 g kg/1) by organoclays (OCls) was studied at different concentrations and pH levels. Two smectites (SAz and SWy), varying in surface properties, were reacted with amounts of different alkylammonium cations [octadecyl(C18)-, hexadecyl-trimethyl(HDT)- and dioctadecyldimethyl(DOD)ammonium] equal to 50% or 100% of the clays" CEC. Adsorption isotherms of dicamba on diverse OCl were some of L-type and others of S-type, but both resulted in sigmoid form when extended to higher concentration.　
Adsorption was greater for OCls with high-layer charge, basal spacing, alkylammonium size and organocation saturation close to CEC. Dicamba adsorption by OCls seems to involve hydrophobic and polar interactions for which the availability of interlayer room between organocations is very important. Adsorption data at different pH levels and two different concentrations (0.05 and 1 mM) indicated that molecular dicamba is the main adsorbing species, especially at high concentration. Desorption isotherms were reversible, except in OCls with primary alkylammonium (C18) and largest quaternary (DOD), for which there were moderate hysteresis as a result of stronger polar contribution in the primary alkylammonium and the difficulty for diffusion in the case of the quaternary, bulky OCl. The treatment of an artificially dicamba-contaminated soil with highly adsorptive OCls rendered a dramatic decrease in the CaCl2-released- or mobile dicamba, suggesting these OCls as potential immobilising agents. The amount of herbicide immobilised by the OCl was partially extractable with methanol/CaCl2 solution, suggesting its biovailability and hence, its possible combination with bioremediation technique.


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Internationally prohibited pesticides found in Egypt

Source:bikyamasr
Internationally prohibited insecticides have been found to be used by certain Egyptian farmers in the Nubariya region. Many of these pesticides are believed to have been smuggled in from China and Israel, according to Mohamed Abdel Qader, head of the Egypt’s Farmers Syndicate.
"Some farmers are using the Altimk insecticide,” said Abdel Qader. “China produces this insecticide and specifically exports it to Egypt. Altimk insecticide is internationally prohibited because of its negative effect on health.”
Apparently, the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture is not aware of this product.
The Kafr el-Sheikh and Beheira governorates have recently also been suffering from cotton worm, moth larvae which feed on the leaves of the cotton plant and can cause tremendous damage worldwide to many different types of crops, according to Abdel Qader.
The Agriculture Association and the directorates of agriculture have been accused of not providing farmers with the necessary insecticides.
Mohamed Abdel Hakeem, chairman of the Cotton Research Institute, denies the accusation that the Ministry of Agriculture did not fight the cotton worm infestation.
"The Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture is providing agriculture associations with governmental insecticides that are not available in the market, said Abdel Hakeem in comments published by local media.
"Insecticides against cotton worm are available for 525,000 acres.”
This latest find comes after Youssef Wali was held last month for questioning after being linked to corruption and allowing cancer-causing pesticides into the country during his position as Agriculture Minister from 1982 to 2004.

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About pencycuron: Use of ion cluster analysis in a metabolic study of pencycuron, a phenylurea fungicide, in rabbits

By: Isao Ueyama, Shin Kurogochi, Itsuroh Kobori, Toshiaki Hoshino, Yoichi Ishii, and Iwao Takase
Two deuterium labels of pencycuron [1-(p-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea],pentadeuteriolabeled at the phenyl group and tetradeuteriolabeled at the 2,2,5,5 positions of the cyclopentyl group,were synthesized. Each was mixed with equimolar nonlabeled pencycuron and administered orally to male rabbits. Excreta were purified and subjected to GC-MS, and 11 metabolites(urine,11;feces,3) were characterized by ion cluster analysis. Major urinary metablites were 1-(p-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopencyl-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)urea (free and glucruonide).Decyclopentylation,hydroxylation at the 3 position of the cyclopentyl moiety,diol formations,thiomethylation at the phenyl ring,and some other glucuronides were also observed in the metabolites. Three mass spectra of fully methylated　glucuronides were obtained in intact form. Besides three minor metabolites, a significant amount of fecal pencycuron was found. A metabolic scheme is proposed to fit the adta obtained.

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Interaction of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and ethylene on tobacco leaves

By: Young, Leigh Ann; Sisler, Edward C.
Dicamba (3,6.dichloro-o-anisic acid) at concentrations of 10-5M and 10-3M accelerated the loss of chlorophyll from tobacco and stimulated ethylene production. CO + + (10-3M) suppressed the production of ethylene at both 105M and 103M dicamba. Co+ + inhibited the accelerated loss of chlorophyll at lO-5M dicamba but not at lO-3M. Ag+ ion and 2,5.norbornadiene. it is concluded that dicamba causes chlorophyll ba but not at 10-3M. Dicamba at lO-5M and 10-4M caused an induction of chlorophyllase which was suppressed by Co++ lon, Ag+ lon, and 2,5.norbornadiene. it is concluded that dicamba causes chlorophyll degradation in part by its ability to stimulate ethylene production and partly by some other unknown means. INTRODUCTION
Dicamba is a substituted benzoic acid herbicide. These herbicides closely resemble the phenoxy auxins in their auxin and herbicidal activity. Dicamba causes tobacco leaves to "yellow" more rapidly than nontreated leaves. After dicamba application, the leaves turn yellow in 4 to 6 days giving the leaves the appearance of being riper than they are.

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Ghanaians cautioned about misuse of pesticides

Source:GNA

The Presbyterian Agricultural Services has raised concerns about the increasing rate at which pesticides and other agrochemicals were poisoning people causing 14 percent of occupational injuries in the agricultural sector.
It said even though Government might want to increase food security by introducing agrochemicals into farming to enhance yield, the effects of these chemicals were more injurious and deadly.
The Presbyterian Church said the World Health Organization estimates that 1-5 million cases of pesticide poisoning occurs every year resulting in 20,000 fatalities among agricultural workers most of who were in the developing countries such as Ghana.
Mr Dan Kolbila, National Agriculture Coordinator of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana, raised these concerns in Tamale on Thursday during the launch of a campaign dubbed: “Misuse of pesticides in Ghana, the time to act is now”.
He said owing to the serious consequences associated with the misuse of chemicals, there was the need for all stakeholders to have a collective effort at addressing the situation before the country reaches a crisis situation.
Mr Sylvester Adongo, a Retired Agriculturalist said agro-chemicals misuse was responsible for most of the male impotence in most of the farming communities in the country adding that most of the farmers misapplied the agro-chemicals meant to kill pest which however turn destroy their own reproductive system.
He said it was sad that most of the chemicals were being tasted by most farmers to determine its potency adding that by so doing they end up harming themselves.
Mr. Adongo noted that even though the use of ‘DDT’, a poisonous chemical, had been banned in the country most fishermen and hunters still used the chemical in hunting and for fishing, after whicgh they sold the meat to consumers. He warned members of the public to be careful of the meat they consumed else they might be eating poison.
Mr Moses Bukari Mabengba, the Northern Regional Minister, said he was very worried with the recent cases of food poisoning that occurred in some parts of the region cautioning that farmers must be careful when applying their chemicals.
The Minister called on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory bodies to institute measure that would enable them to monitor and ensure that the recurrent incidents of food poisoning was reduced to the barest minimal.
Mr. Christoper Y. Akai of the Northern Regional Directorate of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture said the Region’s use of chemicals had increased from 1,822 metric tons in 2009 to 2,130 metric tons in 2010, with 2,248 metric tons used so far in 2011.


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Pencycuron dissipation in soil: effect of application rate and soil conditions

By: Raktim Pal; Kalyan Chakrabarti; Ashis Chakraborty; Ashim Chowdhury
Dissipation of the fungicide pencycuron was examined under controlled laboratory conditions in clay loam soils from rice cultivated fields of alluvial soil (Typic udifluvent) and coastal saline soil (Typic endoaquept) at field rate, twice the field rate and 10 times the field rate with and without decomposed cow manure maintained at 60% of maximum water‐holding capacity (WHC) and waterlogged soil condition. The half‐life values depended on the initial concentrations of pencycuron. Pencycuron, in general, degraded fastest in coastal saline soil and in soil amended with decomposed cow manure at 60% of maximum WHC of soil.

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Degradation and transport of dicamba in a Clay Soil

By: S.D. Comfort　W.P. Inskeep and　R.E. Macur
Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) has been identified as one of five pesticides present in Montana groundwaters. We determined the effects of degradation and time of water application on the transport of dicamba in a Lohmiller clay soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Ustic Torrifluvent). Carbon 14-labeled dicamba was surface applied (0.35 kg ha−1) to disturbed soil columns (5.0 cm diam; 29 cm length) previously conditioned with 3 mM CaCl2. The columns were allowed to incubate (23.5 °C) in triplicate for 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42 d. Following incubation, the columns were attached to a vacuum chamber containing a fraction collector and leached with 3 mM CaCl2 under unsaturated conditions. Dicamba breakthrough curves were determined for each incubation period. The percentage of dicamba recovered in the column effluent decreased from 85% (of total applied) after no incubation to 9.5% after 42 d of incubation. The decline of dicamba in the effluent coincided with an accumulation of dichlorosalicyclic acid at the soil surface. dicamba half-lives determined under batch conditions were 23.5 d at 28 °C, 38 d at 20 °C, and 151 d at 12 °C, and were all higher than the half-life estimated from the decrease in column effluent concentrations over time (13.5 d). The simulation model, LEACHM, was used to predict transport of dicamba after the different incubation periods. LEACHM adequately estimated the mass of dicamba leached, but underestimated the maximum dicamba concentrations observed in the effluent. Both simulated and observed results indicated that the transport of dicamba can be greatly reduced if sufficient degradation of dicamba is allowed to occur before irrigation or precipitation.

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Japan pesticides production reached to 14,592 tons in September

Source:Agropages.com
According to statistics from the Japan Crop Protection Association, Japanese pesticide shipments has reached to 14,592 tons in the month of September of FY 2011, the accumulative shipments from October 2010 to September 2011 was 194,386 tons, up by 0.1% year on year, and the accumulative value rose by 0.9% to 331.871 billion Yen.
On volume base, shipments of the pesticide for paddy crop has shrunk by 0.3%; shipments for fruit and vegetables & field crops have grown by 2% and 2.3% respectively; shipments of the pesticide for other uses such as non-agricultural, garden, golf has decreased by 12.5%, other sections such as PGR, other biocide, bio-pesticide up by 0.1%.Shipments for paddy and fruit pesticide have grown by 4.0% and 2.4% on value bases.
For products categories, volumes for insecticides, fungicides, insecticide/fungicide, herbicides and PGRs have changed by -1.9%,+3.7%, -7.1%, -1.4% and +5.3%, and the value changes of the above categories were: -2.7%, +0.5%, +2.6%, +3.9% and +3.4%.

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Pioneer chemical is pencycuron manufacturer in china

Pencycuorn is one of the major production of our company.we are pencycuron manufacturer in china. Pencycuron data sheet of fungicide products from Pioneer Chemical, a leading Pencycuron manufacturer and supplier in China, with competitive price, best quality and service . Pencycuron is a non-systemic fungicide with a specific action against diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pellicularia spp. In potatoes, rice, sugar beets, cotton and ornamentals. Pencycuron was registered in 1993 for use as "seed" treatment of potatoes (250 ppm). It is used solely for this purpose

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Palmer Amaranth Control with Dicamba and Glufosinate as

By:　R.C. Doherty, K.L. Smith, J.A. Bullington and J.R. Meier

RESEARCH PROBLEM
Palmer amaranth(Amaranthus palmeri) is known to be glyphosate-resistant and one of the most common and troublesome weeds in Arkansas cotton production. Glufosinate is known to provide good control of 1-4 inch Palmer amaranth, but control of larger weeds is erratic. Dicamba can also provide control of small Palmer amaranth, but not much is known about the control of larger plants. The objective of this study was to provide data that would support the use of dicamba and glufosinate-resistant cotton to gain optimum control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Glufosinate-resistant cotton was commercially released in 2004. Currently Monsanto is testing glufosinate/dicamba resistant cotton, which could provide opportunity for controlling glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth with over the top herbicide applications. More information was needed on control of Palmer amaranth with glufosinate and dicamba as affected by herbicide rate and weed size.
RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
A trial was established in Rohwer, Ark. on the Southeast Research and Extension Center in a Hebert silt loam soil in 2009 to evaluate Palmer amaranth control. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Parameters evaluated were visual ratings of Palmer amaranth control form 0-100 with 0 being no control and 100 being complete control. Evaluations were based on weed size at application. Two rates of each herbicide were applied at four timings. Dicamba was applied at 0.25 and 0.5 lb ae/acre and glufosinate
1 Program technician, professor and extension weed specialist, program technican, program technician, respectively, Southeast Research and Extension Center, Monticello.
AAES Research Series 582
was applied at 0.53 and 0.73 lb ai/acre. The application timings were 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, and 24-28 inch Palmer amaranth.
RESULTS
Forty days after treatment, dicamba applied at 0.25 and 0.5 lb ae/acre to 3-inch Palmer amaranth and dicamba at 0.5 lb ae/acre applied to 6-inch Palmer amaranth provided 99 to 100% control (Fig. 1). Dicamba at 0.25 lb ae/acre applied to 6-inch Palmer amaranth provided 75% control. Dicamba applied at 0.25 and 0.5 lb ae/ acre to 9-inch Palmer provided less than 65% control and less than 40% control of 12-inch Palmer. Seed suppression was noted with both rates when applied to weeds less than 24 inches. Dicamba applied at 0.25 and 0.5 lb ae/acre to 24-28- inch Palmer amaranth provided less than 40% control and did not suppress seed production.
Glufosinate applied at 0.53 and 0.73 lb ai/acre provided 100% control of 3- and 6-inch Palmer amaranth (Fig. 2). Glufosinate applied at 0.53 and 0.73 lb ai/ acre provided greater than 90% control of 9, 12, 24, and 28-inch Palmer amaranth. All glufosinate treatments suppressed Palmer amaranth seed production.
PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS
Dicamba and glufosinate can be used to control and suppress seed production of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. The stacked genetic technology of glufosinate/dicamba resistant-cotton may prove to be a valuable asset in controlling and preventing seed production of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in Arkansas. Glufosinate and glufosinate-resistant cotton have already made an impact on cotton production and in the control of glyphosate-resistant weeds in Arkansas. The information from this trial will be used to make recommendations throughout the state.
Summaries of Arkansas Cotton Research 2009

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Alfalfa weevil pesticides get special registration

Source:Hay & forage
Kansas alfalfa fields infested with alfalfa weevils may get some relief with the approval of Special Local Need (SLN) registrations of Cobalt (active ingredients: chlorpyrifos + gamma-cyhalothrin) and Stallion (active ingredients: zeta-cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos) insecticides.

The Environmental Protection Agency gave the green light on the use of the products starting Nov. 1. The pesticides’ goal: to interrupt weevil life cycle with a fall pesticide application after last cutting, which should have little to no impact on bees or other pollinators.
SLN registrations do not change the number of applications or the amount applied per crop growing season. Application timing has been amended to better reflect the life cycle of the alfalfa weevil. That may result in better pest control, improved crop yields and less pesticide use in spring when bees and other pollinators forage, according to the Kansas Department of Agriculture.
Any applicator using a pesticide under an SLN registration must have the SLN registered label with them while applying the pesticide.

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How to use Contact fungicides such as pencycuron

pencycuron is a commonly used Contact fungicides,their effect is protection plants and Prevent germs.　we shoule be attenion details when we used

1. pencycuron should be used before the crops are effected with the germs and spray on the crops welldistributed,if　the germs have been effected the plants ,spray pencycuron is no use
2. pencycuron spraying must be well-distributed ,or the plants will not be proctected all-sided
3.Must pay attention to the effective protection period. After applying the pencycuron, the new growing leaves and branches which are without protection of pencycuron, will still be infected.The interval time of spraying pesticides is 7 to 10 days, so, after the first spray, still need to be done for the second time in 7 to 10 days. Some vegetables grow in a long period, need to spray three to fivetimes or more.
4. pencycuron spraying must look out the dose,enough water.we　can"t change the　dose　and must keep the soup on all of the leafs.

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Does a Diflufenzopyr Plus Dicamba Premix Synergize Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens) Control with Auxinic Herbicides

By: Stephen F. Enloe and Andrew R. Kniss

Diflufenzopyr is a synergist that improves broadleaf weed control when mixed with certain auxinic herbicides. In nonagricultural settings, it is only available in a premix with dicamba, which is labeled for noncrop sites, pasture, hay, and rangeland. Our objectives were to determine the influence of diflufenzopyr + dicamba when applied with auxinic herbicides for Russian knapweed control. Studies were conducted near Ethete, WY, from 2005 to 2008 in a pasture heavily infested with Russian knapweed. Treatments were applied in the fall (September) and included aminopyralid, clopyralid, clopyralid + 2,4-D, clopyralid + triclopyr, and picloram at standard and reduced rates, with and without diflufenzopyr + dicamba. At 12 and at 24 mo after treatment (MAT), diflufenzopyr + dicamba did not influence Russian knapweed control when applied with standard rates of aminopyralid, clopyralid, clopyralid + 2,4-D, clopyralid + triclopyr, or picloram. All of these treatments except clopyralid + 2,4-D consistently provided ≥ 80% control 24 MAT. Reduced-rate herbicide interactions with diflufenzopyr + dicamba were also not significant at 12 MAT. However, at 24 MAT, aminopyralid applied with diflufenzopyr + dicamba controlled Russian knapweed 83% compared with 59% when aminopyralid was applied alone. Russian knapweed control with all other reduced-rate treatments, except picloram, fell below 80%. These results indicate that diflufenzopyr + dicamba does not generally improve Russian knapweed control at 12 or 24 MAT with either standard or reduced rates of typical fall, auxinic herbicide treatments.

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India: CIB stands on uses of three pesticides

Source:Agropages.com
India pesticide regulatory authority, the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee has decided to continue uses of three pesticides on a scheduled meeting held on 28th July.
Under recommendations of Expert Committee and deliberations, the CIB&RC decided used of three ais should be continued, the three ais are: the organophosphate insecticide ethion, the insecticide chlorfenapyr and the herbicide sulfosulfuron, and the sulfosulfuron should be labeled as “Sorghum/maize crops should not be taken as succeeding crops after the wheat crop”.

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Effect of pencycuron on fluidity of lipid membranes of Rhizoctonia solani

By: KIM H. T.; YAMAGUCHI I.
Pencycuron exerts a specific inhibitory activity on Rhizoctonia solani isolates even in the same anastomosis group, AG4. The sensitivity of AG4 isolates to pencycuron was negatively correlated with the mycelial growth at high temperature (30°C). Based on such observation and high lipophilicity of pencycuron, the influence of pencycuron on the fluidity of lipid membranes of R. solani was examined. The composition ratio of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid in R-C (an isolate sensitive to pencycuron) was higher than that in Rh-131 (a far less-sensititve isolate). On the contrary, linoleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, was more abundant in Rh-131. While the fluidity of liposomes prepared with total lipids from R-C remarkably decreased by the application of pencycuron, no significant diminution of membrane fluidity was observed in liposomes from Rh-131. With artificial liposomes prepared from phosphatidylcholines commercially available, the membrane fluidity fluctuated depending on the composition of fatty acids, and the effect of pencycuron on the membrane fluidity was more significant in liposomes composed of higher ratio of saturated fatty acids. It was also found that 14 C-pencycuron was bound 3 times more by liposomes that resembled R-C membrane in composition of fatty acids than those mimicked the membranes of Rh-131. From the results obtained, it is suggested that the binding of pencycuron is closely related with the composition of lipid membranes, and the binding of pencycuron to the membrane causes the decrease of membrane fluidity in sensitive isolates of R. solani.

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The effect of MCPA and dicamba on take-all disease and growth of wheat seedlings

By:A.D. Rovira, S.M. Neate and R.A. Warren

CSIRO Division of Soils & CRC for Soil and Land Management, Glen Osmond SA 5064
MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) and Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) are herbicides commonly used to control some broad-leaved weed species. A report in 1978 (I) showed that several broadleaf herbicides increased take-all lesions on roots by an average of 60% with dicamba giving the greatest increase. Despite farmer reports in SA of the increase in the number of white heads (the field symptoms of take-all at grain fill) following applications of dicamba and MCPA there has been no follow up research on possible disease herbicide interactions. This poster presents the results of an experiment to test the effect of Dicamba and MCPA herbicides on the growth of wheat infected with the take-all fungus.
Methods
The experiments used a dark brown loamy fine sand (pH 8.4 in water) classification Dy 5.43 (2). The soil was collected from a sandhill at Avon, SA (34°14"S., 138°18"E.) that had never been cropped or treated with herbicides. Cultures of the take-all fungus, isolate 500, growing on sterile ryegrass seed was used as inoculum. Inoculum was added in a single layer and seven wheat seeds, cultivar Spear, were sown to each pot. The experiment was a completely randomised block design with 5 replicates. After germination the number of wheat seedlings were reduced to five. Herbicides were applied to the plants in a herbicide spraying cabinet 21 days after sowing. The herbicide treatments were commercial herbicide formulation applied at field rates. Treatments were, Dicamba (200 g ai/L) 700 mL/ha, MCPA (500 g ai/L) 2000 mL/ha, Dicamba/MCPA mix (80/340 g ai/L)I500 mL/ha and nil herbicide control. The pots were incubated in a glasshouse in root temperature tanks at 15°C. After 2 weeks pots were harvested and the roots rated for the percent of roots showing take-all lesions. Shoots and roots were oven-dried and weighed.
Results and discussion
The percent of roots with lesions was significantly increased by the application of Dicamba and MCPA at field application rates (Fig.l). Root growth was significantly reduced by up to 37% by the application of the herbicides (Fig.2). Application of the herbicides significantly reduced shoot growth by up to 28% (Fig.3). The increased root damage caused by the application of Dicamba and MCPA to wheat infected with take-all which was demonstrated in this experiment may cause heavy yield losses in the field. if the conditions were favorable for the development of the take-all fungus.

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EU adds more pesticides to PIC regulation

Source:Chemical Watch　

The European Commission has published in the Official Journal amendments to the EU Regulation concerning the export and import of dangerous chemicals to take into account recent changes in plant protection, biocidal and REACH legislation.
The update adds the pesticides substances ethalfluralin, indolylacetic acid, thiobencarb, guazatine and 1,3-dichloropropene to the list of chemicals included in the Rotterdam Convention"s Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure and removes the substance haloxyfop-P from the list.

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Effect of pencycuron on fluidity of lipid membranes of Rhizoctonia solani

By: KIM H. T.; YAMAGUCHI I.
Pencycuron exerts a specific inhibitory activity on Rhizoctonia solani isolates even in the same anastomosis group, AG4. The sensitivity of AG4 isolates to pencycuron was negatively correlated with the mycelial growth at high temperature (30°C). Based on such observation and high lipophilicity of pencycuron, the influence of pencycuron on the fluidity of lipid membranes of R. solani was examined. The composition ratio of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid in R-C (an isolate sensitive to pencycuron) was higher than that in Rh-131 (a far less-sensititve isolate). On the contrary, linoleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, was more abundant in Rh-131. While the fluidity of liposomes prepared with total lipids from R-C remarkably decreased by the application of pencycuron, no significant diminution of membrane fluidity was observed in liposomes from Rh-131. With artificial liposomes prepared from phosphatidylcholines commercially available, the membrane fluidity fluctuated depending on the composition of fatty acids, and the effect of pencycuron on the membrane fluidity was more significant in liposomes composed of higher ratio of saturated fatty acids. It was also found that 14 C-pencycuron was bound 3 times more by liposomes that resembled R-C membrane in composition of fatty acids than those mimicked the membranes of Rh-131. From the results obtained, it is suggested that the binding of pencycuron is closely related with the composition of lipid membranes, and the binding of pencycuron to the membrane causes the decrease of membrane fluidity in sensitive isolates of R. solani.

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The effect of MCPA and dicamba on take-all disease and growth of wheat seedlings

By:A.D. Rovira, S.M. Neate and R.A. Warren

CSIRO Division of Soils & CRC for Soil and Land Management, Glen Osmond SA 5064
MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) and Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) are herbicides commonly used to control some broad-leaved weed species. A report in 1978 (I) showed that several broadleaf herbicides increased take-all lesions on roots by an average of 60% with dicamba giving the greatest increase. Despite farmer reports in SA of the increase in the number of white heads (the field symptoms of take-all at grain fill) following applications of dicamba and MCPA there has been no follow up research on possible disease herbicide interactions. This poster presents the results of an experiment to test the effect of Dicamba and MCPA herbicides on the growth of wheat infected with the take-all fungus.
Methods
The experiments used a dark brown loamy fine sand (pH 8.4 in water) classification Dy 5.43 (2). The soil was collected from a sandhill at Avon, SA (34°14"S., 138°18"E.) that had never been cropped or treated with herbicides. Cultures of the take-all fungus, isolate 500, growing on sterile ryegrass seed was used as inoculum. Inoculum was added in a single layer and seven wheat seeds, cultivar Spear, were sown to each pot. The experiment was a completely randomised block design with 5 replicates. After germination the number of wheat seedlings were reduced to five. Herbicides were applied to the plants in a herbicide spraying cabinet 21 days after sowing. The herbicide treatments were commercial herbicide formulation applied at field rates. Treatments were, Dicamba (200 g ai/L) 700 mL/ha, MCPA (500 g ai/L) 2000 mL/ha, Dicamba/MCPA mix (80/340 g ai/L)I500 mL/ha and nil herbicide control. The pots were incubated in a glasshouse in root temperature tanks at 15°C. After 2 weeks pots were harvested and the roots rated for the percent of roots showing take-all lesions. Shoots and roots were oven-dried and weighed.
Results and discussion
The percent of roots with lesions was significantly increased by the application of  Dicamba and MCPA at field application rates (Fig.l). Root growth was significantly reduced by up to 37% by the application of the herbicides (Fig.2). Application of the herbicides significantly reduced shoot growth by up to 28% (Fig.3). The increased root damage caused by the application of Dicamba and MCPA to wheat infected with take-all which was demonstrated in this experiment may cause heavy yield losses in the field. if the conditions were favorable for the development of the take-all fungus.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

EU adds more pesticides to PIC regulation

Source:Chemical Watch　

The European Commission has published in the Official Journal amendments to the EU Regulation concerning the export and import of dangerous chemicals to take into account recent changes in plant protection, biocidal and REACH legislation.
The update adds the pesticides substances ethalfluralin, indolylacetic acid, thiobencarb, guazatine and 1,3-dichloropropene to the list of chemicals included in the Rotterdam Convention"s Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure and removes the substance haloxyfop-P from the list.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

About pencycuron report of Japan

Japan proposes a revision of maximum residue levels for 5 chemicals including a ban on one substance.
Report Categories:
FAIRS Subject Report
Approved By:
Stephen Wixom
Prepared By:
Suguru Sato
Report Highlights:
On May 22, 2009, the Government of Japan announced proposed changes to the MRLs for Acequinocyl, Prohydrojasmon, Pencycuron, Brotizolam and Rifaximin.　The domestic comment period is closed already but MHLW will　next notify these proposed changes to the WTO/SPS committee, which will provide a chance for public comments to be submitted on this subject.
General Information:　
On May 22, 2009, Government of Japan announced proposed changes to the MRLs for Acequinocyl, Prohydrojasmon, Pencycuron, Brotizolam and Rifaximin.　The domestic comment period is closed already but MHLW will notify these proposed changes to the WTO/SPS committee, which will provide a chance for public comments to be submitted on this subject.　
Contact information of MHLW
Standards and Evaluation Division,
Department of Food Safety,
Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau,
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
1-2-2, Chiyoda-ku, Kasumigaseki, Tokyo, 100-8916
Tel: 03-5253-1111
Fax: 03-3501-4868
　
Mr. K. OGI (ogi-katsuhiro@mhlw.go.jp)
Mr. T. KUDOU(kudou-toshiaki@mhlw.go.jp)
Mr. Y. EJIMA (ejima-yuuichirou@mhlw.go.jp)
Ms. A. NAKATA (nakata-ayumi@mhlw.go.jp)
Mr. H. DEGUCHI (deguchi-haruyuki@mhlw.go.jp)
Mr. Y. ISHII (ishii-yasuhiroaa@mhlw.go.jp)
Mr. H. WATANABE (watanabe-hidemi@mhlw.go.jp)
Tel. ex. 4273, 2486, 2487, 2488, 4281, 2489
　
Please also consider copying the U.S. Embassy, Tokyo at agtokyo@usda.gov on your comments in order for them to be considered as part of the official U.S. Government comments to the WTO.
Pesticides and Other Contaminants:　
Establishment of Maximum Residue Limits for Agricultural Chemicals in Food
　
Purpose and Background
　
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) is going to develop the compositional specification for food.
　
Under the provisions of Article 11, Paragraph 1 of the Food Sanitation Law, the MHLW is authorized to establish residue standards (maximum residue limits: MRLs) for pesticides, feed additives, and veterinary drugs (hereafter referred to as just “agricultural chemicals”) that may remain in foods. Any food for which standards are established pursuant to the provisions is not permitted to be marketed in Japan unless such food complies with the established standards.　
　
On May 29, 2006, the MHLW introduced the positive list system for agricultural chemicals in food.* Basically, all foods distributed in the Japanese marketplace are subject to regulation based on the system.
　
This time the MHLW has newly established MRLs (draft) for some food commodities as well as has comprehensively reviewed the current MRLs.　This activity is targeted to five chemicals: Acequinocyl (pesticide), Prohydrojasmon (pesticide), Pencycuron
(pesticide), Brotizolam (veterinary drug), and Rifaximin (veterinary drug).　Details are given below.
　
Note: The positive list system was established based on the 2003 amendment of the Food Sanitation Law. The system aims to prohibit the distribution of any food in the Japanese marketplace if it contains agricultural chemicals at amounts exceeding a certain level (0.01 ppm) specified under the Law.
　
Outline of revision
　
<Pesticides>
Acequinocyl (acaricide)
This chemical is already permitted for use in Japan. This time the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) will expand the scope of target crops for which the use of the chemical is permitted. In response to the MAFF’s action, the MHLW has newly established MRLs (draft) for some crops and has comprehensively reviewed the existing MRLs. For draft MRLs, see Attachments 1-1.
　
Prohydrojasmon (plant growth regulator)
This chemical is already permitted for use in Japan. MAFF will expand the scope of target crops for which the use of the chemical is permitted. In response to MAFF’s action, the MHLW has newly established MRLs (draft) for some crops. For draft MRLs, see Attachments 1-2.
　
Pencycuron (fungicide)
This chemical is already permitted for use in Japan. A foreign business has filed an application with the MHLW for the establishment of additional MRLs for the substance, based on the Guideline for Application for Establishment and Revision of Maximum Residue Limits for Agricultural Chemicals Used outside Japan, published on 5 February 2004. In response to the application, the MHLW has newly established MRLs (draft) for some crops and has comprehensively reviewed the existing MRLs. For draft MRLs, see Attachments 1-3.
　
The existing MRLs for Acequinocyl, Prohydrojasmon and Pencycuron appear in either of the MRLs List (the Item 6, Section A “General Compositional Standards for Food,” Part I “Food” of the Specifications and Standards for Food, Food Additives, Etc.) or Provisional MRLs List (Item 7, Section A), according to food commodities. These MRLs have been modified as necessary. Finalized MRLs for these chemicals will be placed on the MRLs List in Item 6, and the MRLs currently placed in Item 7 will be deleted.
　
<Veterinary drug>
Brotizolam (Inappetence improvement assistance agent):
This chemical is permitted for use in Japan. MAFF has reassessed a drug product
whose effective ingredient is Brotizolam.　This is on the basis of the legal requirement stating that veterinary drugs, once approved, must be reassessed every six years. In response to the MAFF’s assessment, the MHLW has reviewed the existing MRLs for the substance.
　
The MRLs for this chemical currently appear in the Provisional MRLs List (Item 7 of Section A “General Compositional Standard for Food,” Part 1 “Food” in the Specifications and Standards for Food, Food Additives, Etc). The substance will be placed in Item 5, which specifies substances that shall not be included in food. The MRLs currently placed in Item 7 will be deleted. After the revision takes effect, the substance will not be permitted to be included in any food.　However, for certain foods, MRLs will be established and placed in the MRLs List in item 6. The certain foods refer to cattle muscle, fat, liver, kidney, other edible offal, and milk. For draft MRLs, see Attachment 1-4.
　
Rifaximin (antimicrobial)
This chemical is not permitted for use in Japan.　The MHLW has comprehensively reviewed the MRLs for this substance that had been established at the time of the introduction of the new system. The current MRLs were provisionally established at the introduction of the system, based on EU standards.　However, the MHLW is going to withdraw these standards, which currently appears in the Provisional MRLs List (Item 7, Section A “General Compositional Standards for Food,” Part I “Food” of the Specifications and Standards for Food, Food Additives, Etc.). The MHLW has judged that it is very difficult to set standards based on sound science because we were not able to confirm the exact situation at the time of approval in the EU due to lack of necessary information on residue.　After the revision takes effect, the substance will not be permitted to remain in any food, based on the provision of Item 1 in Section A stipulating that food shall not contain any antimicrobial or synthetic antibacterial. See Attachment 1-5.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Determination of 2,4-D and Dicamba in food crops by MEKC

The determination of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) residues in sugar cane, rice and corn was performed by a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method using CO2/acetone as extraction mix and an SFE apparatus developed in our laboratory. The extracts were cleaned up after extraction by both liquid-liquid partition and a Florisil column. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) coupled with ultraviolet on-column detection was used for the analysis of these pesticides. The detection limits were improved by the preparation of a special detection cell with an increased pathlength that gave detection limits of ca. 0.6 pg for 2,4-D and Dicamba. Our results demonstrated that capillary electrophoresis can be a powerful new analytical tool for pesticide residue analysis

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Apple scab fungus more resistant to pesticides

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Source:Taiwan News
Apple growers in the eastern U.S. have a despised enemy known as apple scab, a disease caused by a fungus that forms ugly brown or greenish-black pockmarks on the fruit"s skin.
Growers have kept the disease under control for decades by spraying trees with pesticides. Now, researchers say the chemicals may be losing their effectiveness as apple scab becomes ever more resistant, worsening the threat of outbreaks in commercial orchards.
"We"ve dealt with fungicide resistance over the years, but this time we"re losing three or four different classes of completely unrelated fungicides at the same time," said Henry Ngugi, a plant pathologist with Penn State University"s Fruit Research and Extension Center. "We have to literally go back to the drawing board."
Just one scab lesion can reduce an apple"s value by 85 percent because it can"t be sold as table fruit, said Janna Beckerman, a Purdue University botany professor. It still can be used for juice, sauce or other products, but that brings much less money. If the lesion splits open, bugs get inside and the apple becomes worthless.
Anecdotal reports from orchard owners and agriculture extension agents suggest the disease is spreading in parts of the Midwest and Northeast, although the situation can vary from one farm to another. Pesticide resistance and wet spring weather, ideal for the fungus" growth, are considered likely culprits.
The U.S. Apple Association, an advocacy group representing 7,500 growers, doesn"t know how widespread the problem is but fears it could get "significantly worse" unless the cause is nailed down and a solution found, regulatory affairs director Mark Seetin told The Associated Press in an e-mail.
"I"m seeing growers who are doing what I"d consider a good job of spraying but still have a lot of scab in their orchards," Ngugi said. In a newsletter article earlier this month, he reported seeing "levels of apple scab that I never imagined possible" during recent orchard visits.
"This may sound scary," he wrote, "but it is my considered opinion that if the level of devastation from scab reoccurs in the coming years, it would threaten the Pennsylvania apple industry."
Jim Lerew, who grows about 600 acres (242 hectares) of apples in York Springs, Pennsylvania, said more than half of his crop has scab damage. "It"s definitely the worst ... I"ve seen in my lifetime," he said.
Others in the industry say things aren"t so dire. The Michigan Apple Committee is funding research on apple scab but "it"s not something that anyone is panicking about," executive director Denise Donahue said. Growers in Michigan, which ranks third nationally in apple production, are more worried about pests such as the brown marmorated stink bug, she said.
Scab rarely shows up in Washington, the biggest apple growing state, thanks to the arid climate. But it"s the most damaging fungal disease in orchards east of the Mississippi River. In the moist Upper Midwest, some of the most popular apple varieties _ McIntosh, Gala and Fuji among them _ are particularly susceptible. Growers apply fungicides up to a dozen times a season to ward off the disease.
For decades, manufacturers have come up with replacements for chemical mixtures the fungus outwitted. By using a rotating lineup of fungicides from year to year, farmers usually stayed a step ahead of the scab.
But the fungus now appears to be overcoming multiple fungicides at once. In a paper published this month in the journal Plant Disease, Beckerman and several colleagues described samples collected in Indiana and Michigan that are resisting all four of the most commonly used classes of chemical treatments.
Another ominous sign: The fungus apparently hasn"t developed any new weaknesses while evolving to resist the pesticides, unlike what usually happens in nature, the paper said.
The earliest generation of fungicides came along in the 1960s. They worked well, but drew increasingly tight regulation because they endangered other organisms. So, companies devised chemicals that specifically targeted apple scab. Although the newer products are safer for the environment, it"s easier for the fungus to mutate and resist them _ "evolution on steroids," said Wayne Wilcox, a Cornell University plant pathology expert.
No new classes of fungicides are known to be under development, he said. That leaves growers with a narrowing list of options.
They could try new mixtures of existing chemicals. Or they could revert to the older varieties, which the fungus never defeated. They"re legal if used in compliance with Environmental Protection Agency guidelines, but are more expensive and must be applied more frequently to be effective.
Despite the inconvenience and higher expenses for growers, consumers are unlikely to be affected by the fungicide resistance problem unless apple scab reaches "catastrophic" levels, Wilcox said. Farmers can"t afford to pass along much of the added cost because grocery stores could stock more apples from competing regions.
"It puts more of a burden on the apple grower," said George Sundin of Michigan State University, who teamed with Beckerman on the research. "They"ll have to work harder to produce the crop that the public desires."
Ryan Richardson, who runs a pick-your-own orchard in Hobart, Indiana, lost 15 percent of his crop to apple scab in 2009. Since then he"s invested in new spraying equipment, switched his assortment of chemicals and tried techniques such as spreading nitrogen on the ground to break down leaves that might harbor the fungus.
It"s a constant battle _ "definitely something that keeps you up at night," Richardson said. "I have a lot of pickers who wouldn"t be happy if I had a lot of scabby apples."
Apple lovers who prefer fruit grown closer to home could help matters by broadening their tastes, Beckerman said. Some lesser known varieties _ Gold Rush is one example _ resist the fungus, but aren"t very popular.
"Consumers say they want fewer pesticides," she said, "but they buy the varieties that require more pesticides."

fungicide's category such as pencycuron and its attention when used

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

There are two types of fungicide. One type is contact fungicides another Systemic fungicides,We must choose the right one when we use it.
Contact fungicides: Contacts remain on the outside of the plant and form a protective barrier against diseases that penetrate the leaf blade.such as pencycuron,carbendazim,and so on.
Systemic fungicides: Systemics enter inside the plant and travel throughout the plant"s vascular system. They are both protective and curative before and after the disease has started.
Fungicide such as Pencycuron should be sprayed before 9AM or after 4PM. If spraying under the burning sun, it is easy to be resolved and evaporated, adverse to crops absorbing fungicide.
Next fungicide spraying must be 7-10 days later. For the weak adhesive and poor systemic property fungicide, we should spray it again if rains during 3 hours after the first spray.　fungicides can"t used with Basicity pesticides,　and we can"t change dose of fungicides such as . pencycuron when we used .
fungicides are DP ,EW or JG for the most , we should diluted them when we used. But how to dilute them ? please following these three steps: put the fungicides、add water、 mixing by a stick. But please attention that we should also diluted fungicides firstly when we mix them with other pesticide

Pioneer chemical production: dicabma

To be a widely used herbicide,the function of dicamba is very strong and it is also one of the major production of our company.
there are six kinds of productions in pioneer chemical dicamba
1．Dicamba 98%TC
Description： Off-white crystal

 2．Dicamba 480G/L SL
Description：Light yellow and transparent liquid

3．Dicamba, 2,4-D 120:344G/L SL
Description：Light yellow transparent liquid

 4．Dicamba, Triasulfuron 65.9%:4.1% WDG
Description：Off-white ball grain

 5．Dicamba,Metsulfuron -methyl 54%:2.8% WDG
Description：Light yellow as ball grain

 6．Dicamba,Metsulfuron -methyl 359:27G/L SL
Description：Light yellow transparent liquid

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Azerbaijan to develop pesticide destruction strategy

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Source:en.trend.az
Azerbaijan will develop a strategy to ecologically clean persistent organic pesticides, the final statement of the 11th International HCH and Pesticides Forum reads.
The statement underscored that opportunities for the full disposal of pesticides will be expanded in Azerbaijan in 2012 - 2015.
The document expressed confidence that in the next 10-12 years, Azerbaijan will be at the forefront among the South Caucasus and Central Asia countries in the sphere of environmentally friendly waste management.
Gabala hosted the 11th International HCH and Pesticides Forum on Sept.7-9.
The event was attended by about 120 experts from 40 countries discussing the projects to combat persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and hazardous chemical waste.
The forum is co-organized by the Azerbaijani Ecology and Natural Resources Ministry and International HCH & Pesticides Association, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Azerbaijani Agriculture Ministry, Center on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Regional Center in Eastern Europe, Czech Masaryk University and German Federal Agency for Environmental Protection.

Report of pencycuron: Application of non-ionic surfactant on the formulations of the Suspo-Emulsion disinfectant

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

This experimental choice tech：Pencycuron in field have DP(Dustable powder)、SC(Suspension concentrate)、WP(Wettable powder) and so on three kind of formulations. Difenoconazole in field have EC(Emulsifiable concentrate)、SC(Suspension concentrate)、WG(Water dispersible granules) and so on three kind of formulations.For the friendliness environment nowadays employs the formulation. Promotion medicament and save labor.Test Pencycuron preparation SC(Suspension concentrate) and Difenoconazole preparation ME(Micro- emulsion) and EW(Emulsion, oil in water). Distinction test SC(Suspension concentrate) with ME(Micro- emulsion) preparation SE(Suspo-Emulsion) and SC(Suspension concentrate) with EW(Emulsion, oil in water) preparation SE(Suspo-Emulsion).
ME(Micro- emulsion) and EW(Emulsion, oil in water) mixes matches non-ionic surfactant,and test hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Observation effective component. In room temperature and heat-resisting under rate of dissociation and appearance. The operation changes including hydrophilic-lipophilic balance and surfactant.In SC(Suspension concentrate) with ME(Micro- emulsion) preparation SE(Suspo-Emulsion) rate of dissociation 2.16% and 1.62%,less than 5%.
Result demonstration particle size analysis chart. SC(Suspension concentrate) with EW(Emulsion, oil in water) preparation SE(Suspo-Emulsion) the particle size is 27.795

Binding of dicamba to soluble and bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from aerobic activated sludge: A fluorescence quenching study

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

By: Xiangliang Pan, Jing Liu, Daoyong Zhang, Xi Chen, Wenjuan Song, Fengchang Wu
Binding of dicamb at osoluble EPS(SEPS) and bound EPS(BEPS) from aerobic activated sludge was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. Two protein-like fluorescence peaks(peak A with Ex/Em=225 nm/342–344 nm and peak B with Ex/Em=275/340–344 nm) were identified in SEPS and BEPS. Humic-like fluorescence peak C (Ex/Em=270–275nm/450–460nm) was only found in BEPS. Fluorescence of the peaks A and B for SEPS and peak A for B EPS were markedly quenched by dicamba at all temperatures where as fluorescence of　peaks B and C for BEPS was quenched only at 298 K. A dynamic process dominated the fluorescence quenching of peak A of both SEPS and BEPS. Fluorescence quenching of peak B and C was governed a static process. The effective quenching constants (log Ka) were 4.725–5.293 for protein-like fluorophores of SEPS and 4.23–5.190 for protein-like fluorophores of BEPS, respectively. Log Ka for humic-like substances was 3.85. Generally, SEPS had greater binding capacity for dicamba than BEPS, and protein-like substances bound dicamba more strongly than humic-like substances. Binding of dicamba to SEPS and BEPS was spontaneous and exothermic. Electrostatic force and hydrophobic interaction forces play a crucial role in binding of dicamba to EPS.

Nepal to get rid of hazardous pesticides

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Source:Myrepublica
A ship containing equipment meant for safely packing more than 70 tons of obsolete and hazardous pesticides stored in different locations of Nepal is expected to arrive in India soon.
According to Mina Khanal, spokesperson for the Ministry of Environment (MoE), the ship has already left off the coast of Germany for the Kolkata port of India. “The ship will hopefully arrive in Kolkata till October 10,” Khanal told Republica, adding, “The equipment will then be brought to Nepal. We are expecting to begin fieldwork for packing pesticide no later than the end of October.”
As per the tripartite deal reached between the MoE, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC), and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) -- which later became a component of German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) -- in December last year, the GIZ has already awarded the contract for safely packing and disposing of obsolete pesticides to an international company.
"The company that has won the contract from the GIZ will pack and dispose of all the pesticides,” Khanal said. “We just need to accumulate all pesticides at one or two particular points.” The MoE is trying to find out appropriate places for accumulating pesticides from different locations so that the company will be able to concentrate on packaging and disposal of insecticide.
According to Bhupendra Devkota, an environment expert with the MoE, the company is expected to pack all the pesticides in three months. “Once packaging is done, our fear for leakage of pesticide that may result in a serious catastrophe will automatically lessen,” Devkota said. “Even after packaging, repatriation of pesticide to Germany may take a little longer. But then we need not worry about it.”
A total of 74.23 tons of different hazardous chemicals including DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), which has been banned in Nepal years ago, and 43 cylinders of methyl bromide have been stored in 22 different locations of the country for over 25 years now. The biggest chunk of hazardous pesticides, around 55 metric tons, has been stored in Amlekhgunj of Bara district. Most of these pesticides were given by Germany to Nepal for agricultural purposes.
Environment activists have long been decrying the delay by the government in disposing of hazardous pesticide. They fear that the accidental leakage of pesticide may cause serious damage to humans as well as the environment, especially because these pesticides have been stored in the vicinity of human settlement in most places.
The company chosen for disposing these hazardous pesticides will burn them at an incinerator after shipping them to Germany. Nepal has already signed Stockholm Convention and Rotterdam Convention, which bans the use of certain chemicals. As per these conventions, such hazardous pesticides should be disposed of by whichever company has manufactured them.
However, in Nepal&acute;s case, most of companies that manufactured the pesticides have already closed down. Therefore, Nepal had to request the GTZ, now the GIZ, for disposing of these pesticides

Report of pencycuron: Influence of soil fumigation and seed tuber treatment on the control of Rhizoctonia solani on potatoes

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

By: TJ Wicks, B Morgan and B Hall
Five field experiments were conducted in South Australia to determine the effect of soil fumigation (metham sodium) and chemical and biological seed tuber dressing on the severity of Rhizoctonia solani on potato stems and tubers. These experiments indicated that both soil- and tuber-borne inoculum must be considered in any program aimed at controlling R. solani. Tuber treatments of either a 20 min dip in 2% formaldehyde, sprays with pencycuron (0.15 mL a.i./10 kg seed), iprodione (2 mL a.i.110 kg seed) or a spore suspension of lo6 spores/ml of Verticillium biguttatum or a dust with tolclofos methyl (4 g a.i.110 kg seed) were most effective if planted in soil fumigated with 500 L/ha metham sodium or soil with low levels of R. solani. A commercial formulation of Trichoderma harziannum and T. koningii applied as a dust at 1.3 g110 kg seed was in most cases ineffective when treated seed was planted into either fumigated or unfumigated soil. The incidence of progeny tubers with sclerotia varied between sites and ranged from 85% in an unfumigated soil planted with infected tubers to 2% in a fumigated soil planted with pencycuron-treated tubers. Except for 1 experiment where tubers were harvested early, neither seed treatments nor fumigation improved total nor marketable yield.

Sorption of aged dicamba residues in soil

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

By: Menasseri, S.　Koskinen, W.C.　Yen, P.Y.　USDA, ARS
The effect of aging (residence time in soil) on dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and a major metabolite, 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (3,6-DCSA) sorption was determined in an unamended and a carbon-amended sandy loam and in a silt loam soil. During the incubation, sequential solvent extraction with 0.01 M calcium chloride solution and aqueous acetonitrile + hydrochloric acid was used to determine the solution and sorbed concentrations of dicamba and 3,6-DSCA, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Dicamba was weakly sorbed to soil (Kd <0.7). In contrast to some other classes of pesticides, sorption of dicamba did not significantly increase with aging, at least not until <15% of the applied dicamba remained. 3,6-DSCA was strongly sorbed to soil (Kd >8) and the Kd-a value increased by a factor of 2-6 during a 28-day aging period. Addition of a carbon source to the soil had minimal effect on the strength of sorption of aged dicamba. However, it did appear to decrease 3,6-DSCA availability to soil micro-organisms; once formed 3,6-DSCA was not further mineralized. While it appears that sorption can be well characterized for weakly sorbed pesticides using the batch equilibration method with freshly treated soils, this procedure may not be adequate for more strongly sorbed pesticides and their degradates.

EU to start project to clean up pesticides former Soviet Republics

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Source:PRNewswire　

The EU has decided to start a project - "Improving capacities to eliminate and prevent recurrence of obsolete pesticides as a model for tackling unused hazardous chemicals in the former Soviet Union" - to support the former Soviet Republics in cleaning up the old pesticide storage places. The budget of 7 million Euros is intended to eliminate implementation issues in the entire operation, which will cost at least 700 million. Three members of the European Parliament, Danish Dan Jorgensen, Dutch CDA politicians Ria Oomen and Esther de Lange, have promised to follow this project and the required actions and to further stimulate it.
This is the main outcome of the 11th Forum about HCH and Obsolete Pesticides, which was held by the the IHPA in Gabala, Azerbaijan this year from the 7th to the 9th of September.
During the opening session, the Azerbaijani Minister of Environment, Huseyn Bagirov, also indicated that his country wants to completely clean up the pesticides from the Soviet era in 8 to 10 years. Azerbaijan wants to take a leading position in the Caucasus and Central Asia with this clean-up action.
All this is partially the result of the work that the IHPA, the International HCH & Pesticides Association has accomplished. IHPA has been organizing a conference about the problems of obsolete pesticides every two years since 1992. Over 120 participants from more than 40 countries took part in this conference again this time. IHPA president, Bram de Borst, B Sc. commented: "It is remarkable that the willingness to share experiences between countries has been increasing and that the solution of this world-wide problem has now been accelerated."
During the past three years, more than 100 people in the Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asian regions have been getting trained with the help of IHPA in localizing obsolete pesticide storage places, civilian participation and repackaging of these substances. IHPA is also permanently working on putting pressure on international donor organizations and politicians to engage them in the pesticide problem.

About pencycuron: Analysis of populations of Rhizoctonia solani on potatoes

By: Goulielmos Garifallou
My project at Harper Adams University College was based on the basidiomycete fungus Rhizoctonia solani which infects potatoes causing the diseases stem canker and black scurf. Both diseases have important economic implications. For example, the infection of stems and stolons seen with stem canker results in lower tuber number and uneven distribution of tuber size. Black scurf, which is the presence of sclerotia on harvested tubers, significantly reduces the market value of the produce. Isolates of R. solani can be differentiated into anastomosis groups (AG) according to their compatibility to undergo hyphal fusion to one another. Of the twelve anastomosis groups that have been documented to date, several have been shown to be pathogenic to potatoes. However, it is widely believed that AG3 is the anastomosis group most commonly associated with potatoes despite the lack of survey data in the UK. Further more, the use of the fungicide, pencycuron (Monceren®), in the UK, may have changed the population structure of Rhizoctonia associated with potatoes, as it is selective for AG3 over several other anastomosis groups. My project was to determine the anastomosis group of R. solani isolates derive plants showing stem canker and black scurf symptoms. I also recorded the characteristics of the culture when grown on culture medium and I determined the sensitivity of the isolates to pencycuron.
My first task was to isolate the fungus derive the diseased plant. Isolating Rhizoctonia derive tubers with black scurf was relatively easy, but isolating derive stem canker lesions was harder because opportunistic fungi and bacteria often seemed to contaminate the agar plates.　To ensure a successful isolation derive stem canker samples, I had to take more care and transfer more plant material to more plates. I also had to sub-culture more frequently to ensure a pure culture.
Once a pure culture was established on potato dextrose agar (PDA), I was able to sub- culture 5 mm plugs of the test isolate of R. solani derive the growing margin onto plates of both PDA amended with pencycuron and un-amended plates. The plates were incubated for 4 days at 20°C and radial growth was measured. My results indicated that for all isolates tested, mycelial growth was reduced between 65-100% when grown on plates amended with 0.25 mg/l  pencycuron.　After seven and 21 days, I recorded morphological characteristics of each isolate such as substrate colour, presence of aerial mycelia and approximate area covered with sclerotia. Cultures often had very different characteristics indicating high levels of variation between isolates.
To determine anastomosis grouping I used a combination of molecular and traditional techniques. Primers are available for some of anastomosis groups, including AG3, so I could use PCR to determine the anastomosis group of some isolates. For PCR assays, DNA extraction was achieved using a rapid extraction method that used chelex.　PCR was then performed and gel electrophoresis was performed on the products. The presence of a band on the gel indicated that the sample belonged to the anastomosis group corresponding to the primer. If, however, no band was present, this meant it must be of another anastomosis group, that something was inhibiting the PCR reaction or the DNA was not extracted properly. To check this, the primers ITS1 and ITS4, which are compatible with DNA derive all basidiomycete fungi, were used to confirm the presence of DNA with sufficient quality for PCR.　If this PCR failed, DNA was extracted again and the PCR repeated, but if it indicated DNA was present, then anastomosis group was determined using the traditional technique involving hyphal fusion frequency.　
Anastomosis tests involved pairing an isolate of a known AG with the unknown isolate on tap water agar. The colonies were left to grow and incidence of hyphal fusion determined under a microscope could be recorded. Using the combination of both molecular and the traditional technique we determined that anastomosis groups 2-1, 3 and 8 were all present. Many isolates still remain to have their anastomosis group determined. AG3 was the anastomosis group best represented, however more samples would need to be analysed before one can truly say this is representative of the UK population.
I would like to thank the BSPP for the opportunity they provided to me to extend my knowledge and enhance my practical skills in general laboratory and molecular biology techniques. I would also like to give my special thanks to my supervisor at Harper Adams, Dr Peter Jenkinson and his PhD student James Woodhall for helping me to carry out my project. Furthermore I should thank Dr Michael Whitehead of the University of Wolverhampton for recommending me for this project.　
Thanks should also go to all those agronomists and farmers who sent the potato samples to us in order to run our tests and experiments. Not only was the project enjoyable, it was of great importance to me, since the skills I have acquired will help me with my final year project at Wolverhampton.

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Effect of Dicamba on the Control of Striga hermonthica in Maize in Western Kenya

By:Odhiambo, G.D & Ransom, J.K
Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) has been shown to be effective in controlling Striga asiatica in maize in the USA. Experiments were therefore conducted from 1990 to 1992 to evaluate its effectiveness against S. hermonthica in Western Kenya. Dicamba was more effective when applied at the rate of 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 compared to 0.50 kg a.i. ha-1. Applying dicamba over the top of maize plants or post-directing it to the lower plant part did not significantly affect its effectiveness. Application at 30 days after planting was not as effective as delaying the application to 45 days after planting. Crop injury was observed early in a few cases, though the affected plants later recovered and yield was not affected. Dicamba was not persistent as Striga emerged later in the season. Although dicamba can provide some control early in the season, its low persistence implies that other control measures need to be integrated with it to avoid subsequent seed production by the Striga plants that germinate later in the season.

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40% of pesticides on sale in Tanzania fake

Source:All Africa
It is estimated that 40 percent of pesticides in Tanzania are fake, posing dangers to farmers and consumers. Land is also degraded. With vegetables increasingly grown in urban areas and the Kilimo Kwanza (Agriculture First) initiative promoted, the threat of contamination is high. Use of such counterfeit chemicals does not raise crop yields. Since many of the pesticides enter the market illegally, the government misses revenue.
Most of the adverse effects do not occur overnight. That information emerged during a one-day course here on illegal pesticides. Croplife Africa and Middle East organised the event, which drew participants from the Criminal Investigations Department, the Plant Health Services at the ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives, agrochemical dealers and consumers.
In his opening remarks, Croplife Tanzania chairman Harish Dhutia noted that fake, adulterated, expired or prohibited products had flooded the market. His vice-chairman Ernest Massae spoke about an Arusha farmer who sprayed a pesticide on his coffee farm and when his expectant wife passed through the farm she suddenly fell sick. She later miscarried.
A story from Zambia kept participants aghast and it was told by Croplife country coordinator Perry Ngoma. It was about an incident that occurred in 2008 when a highly successful herbicide brand became rare after it had become the most sought-after weed killer by maize producers in two regions.
Then, some people ordered it from abroad and when it arrived, farmers scrambled for it in anticipation that it would increase crop yields. But, alas! when they used it no plant, including maize, grew. That reminded Tanzanian participants about what happened in some parts of Iringa and Mbeya when fields became barren.
According to a Namibian trainer, Mr Herman Louw, the global pesticide business is worth $38 billion, with Africa accounting for $1.5 billion annually.
Mr Louw noted that counterfeiters resort to faking pesticides due to the fact that the cost of bringing a new product to the market, which includes a new active substance, was high — $250 million. Moreover, it takes seven to nine years from conducting tests to start selling a pesticide. Few companies afford the cost of research and product development.
"These murderers will never stop killing us nor will they mind polluting our farmlands. That is why we must come together to win this war. If we lose, they win,” he appealed. In the painstaking process of genuine product research and development, factors such as content formulation, composition, active ingredients, toxicity, volume of content, storage and usage instructions are considered.
Counterfeiters use shortcuts of producing pesticides by mixing anything and selling products to farmers at cheaper prices than those of genuine ones. Pesticides, sometimes called crop protection products, are mainly used by large- and small-scale farmers and gardeners to control or kill insects, fungi, grass, broadleaf weeds, mites, nematodes, snails and mites.

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Review report for the active substance pencycuron

EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL
Directorate E – Safety of the food chain
Unit E.3 - Chemicals, contaminants and pesticides
Pencycuron
SANCO/10188/2011 final
11 March 2011
Review report for the active substance pencycuron finalised in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its meeting on 11 March 2011 in view of the inclusion of pencycuron in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC
1. Procedure followed for the re-evaluation process
This review report has been established as a result of the re-evaluation of pencycuron, made in the context of a new application by the data submitter after the non-inclusion of this substance.
Pencycuron is a substance that was covered by the third stage of the work programme for review of existing active substances provided for in Article 8(2) of Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market1, with a view to the possible inclusion of this substance in Annex I to the Directive.
Article 11(e) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1490/20022 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of the third stage of the work programme offered the possibility for the notifier to withdraw, under specific conditions, its support for the active substance. All notifiers withdrew their support and pencycuron was not included through Commission Decision 2008/934/EC3.
In accordance with Article 13 of Regulation (EC) No 33/20084, Bayer CropScience AG, the sole data submitter presented, on 4 May 2009 a request to the Netherlands, the rapporteur Member State, for a new application aiming at Annex I inclusion of the substance.
The Netherlands finalised in November 2009 its examination, in the form of an additional report to the original Draft Assessment Report. This Report was sent to the Commission and the European Food Safety Authority on 4 December 2009 and included a recommendation as to include pencycuron in Annex I for the supported use.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of Regulation (EC) No 33/2008, the EFSA organised the consultation on the additional report by all the Member States as well as by Bayer CropScience AG being the sole data submitter, on 18 January 2010 by making it available.
The EFSA organised a focused consultation of scientific experts from a certain number of Member States, to review the additional report, the draft assessment report and the comments received thereon (peer review) and to deliver its conclusion.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 20 of Regulation (EC) No 33/2008 the EFSA sent to the Commission its conclusion on the risk assessment of the active substance pencycuron5. This conclusion refers to background document A (draft assessment report and additional report) and background document B (EFSA peer review report).　
In accordance with the provisions of Article 21 of Regulation (EC) No 33/2008, the Commission referred a draft review report to the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, for final examination. The draft review report was finalised in the meeting of the Standing Committee on 11 March 2011.
The present review report contains the conclusions of the final examination by the Standing Committee. Given the importance of the conclusion of the EFSA, and the comments and clarifications submitted after the conclusion of the EFSA (background document C), these documents are also considered to be part of this review report.
2. Purposes of this review report
This review report, including the background documents and appendices hereto, has been developed and finalised in support of Commission Directive 2011/49/EU6 concerning the inclusion of pencycuron in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC, and to assist the Member States in decisions on individual plant protection products containing pencycuron they have to take in accordance with the provisions of that Directive, and in particular the provisions of article 4(1) and the uniform principles laid down in Annex VI.
This review report provides also for the evaluation required under Section A.2.(b) of the above mentioned uniform principles, as well as under several specific sections of part B of these principles. In these sections it is provided that Member States, in evaluating applications and granting authorisations, shall take into account the information concerning the active substance in Annex II of the directive, submitted for the purpose of inclusion of the active substance in Annex I, as well as the result of the evaluation of those data.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 22 of Regulation (EC) No 33/2008, this review report will be made available for public consultation by any interested parties.
The information in this review report is, at least partly, based on information which is confidential and/or protected under the provisions of Directive 91/414/EEC. It is therefore recommended that this review report would not be accepted to support any registration outside the context of Directive
91/414/EEC, e.g. in third countries, for which the applicant has not demonstrated to have regulatory access to the information on which this review report is based.
3. Overall conclusion in the context of Directive 91/414/EEC
The overall conclusion from the evaluation is that it may be expected that plant protection products containing pencycuron will fulfil the safety requirements laid down in Article 5(1)(a) and (b) of Directive 91/414/EEC. This conclusion is however subject to compliance with the particular requirements in sections 4, 5, 6 and 7 of this report, as well as to the implementation of the provisions of Article 4(1) and the uniform principles laid down in Annex VI of Directive 91/414/EEC, for each pencycuron containing plant protection product for which Member States will grant or review the authorisation.　
Furthermore, these conclusions were reached within the framework of the uses which were proposed and supported by the data submitter and mentioned in the list of uses supported by available data (attached as Appendix II to this review report).
Extension of the use pattern beyond those described above will require an evaluation at Member State level in order to establish whether the proposed extensions of use can satisfy the requirements of Article 4(1) and of the uniform principles laid down in Annex VI of Directive 91/414/EEC.　
The following reference values have been finalised as part of this re-evaluation:
ADI 0.2 mg/kg bw/day ARfD not allocated/not necessary AOEL 0.15 mg/kg bw/day
With particular regard to residues, the review has established that the residues arising from the proposed uses, consequent on application consistent with good plant protection practice, have no harmful effects on human or animal health. The Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) is 0,4% (UK toddler) of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), (EFSA PRIMo rev. 2). Additional intake from water is not expected to give rise to intake problems.
The review has identified acceptable exposure scenarios for operators, workers and bystanders, which require however to be confirmed for each plant protection product in accordance with the relevant sections of the above mentioned uniform principles.
The review has also concluded that under the proposed and supported conditions of use there are no unacceptable effects on the environment, as provided for in Article 4 (1) (b) (iv) and (v) of Directive 91/414/EEC.
4. Identity
The main identity of pencycuron is given in Appendix I.
At the time of the evaluation no FAO specification was allocated.
5. Endpoints and related information
In order to facilitate Member States, in granting or reviewing authorisations, to apply adequately the provisions of Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414/EEC and the uniform principles laid down in Annex VI of that Directive, the most important endpoints were identified during the re-evaluation process. These endpoints are listed in the conclusion of the EFSA, and at section 3 of this report.
6. Particular conditions to be taken into account on short term basis by Member States in relation to the granting of authorisations of plant protection products containing pencycuron.
On the basis of the proposed and supported use (as listed in Appendix II), the following particular issues have been identified as requiring particular and short term attention from all Member States, in the framework of any authorisations to be granted:
Only uses as fungicide may be authorised.
Member States should pay particular attention to the protection of large omnivorous mammals and ensure that conditions of use prescribe the application of adequate risk mitigation measures.
7. List of studies to be generated
Further studies were identified which were at this stage considered necessary in relation to the inclusion of pencycuron in Annex I under the current inclusion conditions.
The concerned Member States shall request the submission of further information on: -the fate and behaviour in soil of the chlorophenyl and cyclopentyl portions of pencycuron, -the fate and behaviour in natural surface water and sediment systems of the chlorophenyl and phenyl portions of pencycuron, -the long-term risk to large omnivorous mammals
They shall ensure that the notifier at whose request pencycuron has been included in this annex provide such studies to the Commission within two years from the entry into force of the Directive of inclusion.
Some other endpoints however may require the generation or submission of additional studies to be submitted to the Member States in order to ensure authorisations for use under certain conditions. The list of studies to be generated, still ongoing or available but not peer reviewed can be found in the relevant part of the EFSA Conclusions.
8. Information on studies with claimed data protection
For information of any interested parties, the rapporteur Member State will keep available a document which gives information about the studies for which the data submitter has claimed data protection and which during the re-evaluation process were considered as essential with a view to annex I inclusion. This information is only given to facilitate the operation of the provisions of Article 13 of Directive 91/414/EEC in the Member States. It is based on the best information available but it does not prejudice any rights or obligations of Member States or operators with regard to its uses in the implementation of the provisions of Article 13 of the Directive 91/414/EEC and neither does it commit the Commission.
9. Updating of this review report
The information in this report may require to be updated from time to time in order to take account of technical and scientific developments as well as of the results of the examination of any information referred to the Commission in the framework of Articles 7, 10 or 11 of Directive 91/414/EEC. Any such adaptation will be finalised in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, in connection with any amendment of the inclusion conditions for pencycuron in Annex I of the Directive.

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Residues of 2,4-D and dicamba in wheat following postemergence field application as a tank mixture

By: Allan J. Cessna, James H. Hunter
In a 2-yr study, residues of 2,4-D and dicamba were monitored in wheat at several times over a complete growing season following g ha postemergence application as a tank mixture at 420 and 140-1, respectively. Both herbicides were gas chromatographically analyzed as their respective methyl esters using electrolytic conductivity detection. Initial wk after residues immediately after application decreased rapidly and, at 5–6 mg kg application, residues of both herbicides were less than 0.1-1. Residues of 2,4-D were not detectable in the straw or seed at maturity in either mg kg year. However, residues of dicamba in the order of 0.03–0.04-1 were detected both years in the mature straw. Residues of dicamba were not detected in the seed in the first year of the study, but were detected at mg kg0.014;±0.065-1 the second year.

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Six more pesticides prohibited in Jamaica

Source:jamaica-gleaner
　Six more pesticides have now been added to the list of substances officially prohibited from being used in Jamaica. These are carbofuran (Furadan), widely used in banana and plantain cultivation against nematodes and corn borer; chlorodecone, which was never registered for use in Jamaica; endosulfan (Thiodan), which for many years has been very effective in controlling the coffee berry borer; lindane, which was only registered for use on animals, and TBT, which is used in marine paints. Also on the list is a herbicide, MSMA, which contains arsenic and is used on golf courses.
　Michael Ramsay, registrar of the Pesticides Control Authority (PCA), told The Sunday Gleaner that the decision has also been taken to phase out DDVP (Dichlorvos) and chlorpyrifos, two very popular insecticides used by pest-control operators for termite and roach control. He cites the main reason for the decision as their high toxicity, especially of the DDVP, which is a class-one toxicity chemical.
　Widespread misuse
　"The PCA"s decision was also based on widespread misuse of these toxic chemicals that studies have implicated in cancer and childhood disorders, among other health problems," Ramsay warned.
　He added: "It will take some time for the current stock of these to be used out, and the public needs to be warned not to allow their use in or around homes and other inhabited premises." To this end, the PCA will be putting out advertisements warning of the potential dangers.
　Despite calls for the banning of DDVP in the United States (US), where the debate has raged for more than 25 years, in May 2011, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed its continued sale (only in impregnated strips), despite considerable evidence suggesting it is carcinogenic and harmful to the brain and nervous system, especially in children.
　DDVP is an organophosphate, one of a group of pesticides developed after World War II, when researchers discovered that insects" nervous systems were more sensitive to nerve agents than the human nervous system. The idea was that small amounts of these agents would be lethal to insects and harmless to people.
　Pressure from interest groups
　Questions about their safety arose in the 1970s and by 1981, DDVP was one of 13 pesticides which the US EPA considered banning. However, under sustained pressure from interest groups over the years, it has failed to act accordingly.
　Meanwhile, Keith Hinds, mayor of Portmore and a veteran pest-control operator, is opposed to the PCA"s decision to ban DDVP, describing it as heavy-handed. He commended the authority for its effective monitoring and regulation of the industry, but described the latest move as a step in the wrong direction.
　"I give kudos to the PCA for the way it has cleaned up the industry and seen to the proper registration of operators of the industry, but this will set us back," he told The Sunday Gleaner.
　The mayor opined that DDVP was the pesticide of choice for operators across the island, given its immediate impact in stopping insects dead in their tracks. However, in the hands of a trained and certified applicator, there was very little chance of misuse, given that it has no residual (lingering) impact and dissipates after about two hours.
　He argued that having got used to the effectiveness of DDVP, customers were likely now to accuse pest-control operators of short-changing them if they switch to something which could be perceived as less lethal.
　However, Ramsay pointed out that there are safer alternatives which are just as effective in achieving the desired results. He cited two separate recent incidents in Jamaica where schools had to be closed after chlorpyrifos (class-two pesticide, having slightly lower toxicity than DDVP) was applied in classrooms and students got sick. In the Portland incident, the chemical was applied over the weekend and students and teachers were affected after they turned up on the Monday morning and had to seek medical attention. The PCA is still awaiting the final report on the second incident.

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