|
The minimum inhibitory concn of the fungicides
flutolanil, pencycuron, validamycin and mepronil against the fungus was >400
ppm, while that of benomyl and triflumizole was 12.5 ppm Mycelial growth and
conidia formation were greatest at 30 and 27.5 degrees C, resp. Both beta
-tubulin genes of R-C and Rh-131 had 1582 nucleotides encoding a protein of 445
amino acids, showing 98% homology in amino acid sequences between them. It was
found that codons at 103, 236 and 267 for lysine, valine and isoleucine in R-C
were replaced by codons for methionine, isoleucine and methionine in Rh-131,
respectively. No inhibitory effect of pencycuron on the tubulin assembly was
observed. A dilute solution of azoxystrobin applied to seedlings controlled
damping-off more effectively than hymexazol. The incidence of root rot of
sugarbeet inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani was decreased by applications of
268 or 536 g a.i./ha azoxystrobin. The application of a dilute solution of
azoxystrobin to seedlings just before transplanting or to the roots before
inoculation was as effective as treatment with pencycuron 50% wettable
powder. With the exception of ECOFIT, that was applied as a soil drench directly
after planting, the products were mixed together with the pathogens into the
potting substrate immediately before planting. Under these conditions,
considerable variation in efficacy was observed between the products. Against R
solani, SOILGARD was as efficacious as the chemical standard pencycuron. Also,
SOILGARD was the only biocontrol product that gave significant control of P
ultimum. The other biocontrol products showed some efficacy against the two
pathogens, but in most cases the level of disease control was not statistically
significant, A comparison of performance in heat-treated and nontreated potting
substrate indicated that, in the case of R solani, activity of all biocontrol
products was enhanced by heat-treatment. On the contrary, control of P ultimum
tended to be weaker in heat-treated than in nontreated potting medium. When
laboratory preparations based on the active microbial ingredients from
SUPRESIVIT and SOILGARD were applied at equal rates, control of R solani by the
SOILGARD-preparation was superior to that by the SUPRESIVIT-preparation, despite
a higher number of propagules in applied amounts of the latter. The results were
corroborated by in vitro experiments in which the extract prepared from rice
plants harvested 10 days after soil-drenching treatment showed an inhibitory
effect to the mycelial growth of R solani on water agar. Seed treatment with
pencycuron was not effective in controlling sheath blight infection. However,
the metabolic intermediates of pencycuron, cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea and
phenylurea, were not effective. Following HPLC analysis, 78.0 ppm/g FW
pencycuron was detected from rice plants harvested 10 days after soil-drenching.
In the greenhouse, pencycuron inhibited binucleate Rhizoctonia, R oryzae, or R
solaniin vitro and reduced Rhizoctonia root rot. Pencycuron also inhibited G
graminis var tritici strains in vitro and slightly reduced take-all disease in
the greenhouse. Moreover, pencycuron seed treatment protected plants against a
disease mixture of Rhizoctonia root rot and take-all. Pythium spp were not
inhibited by pencycuron in vitro. Pencycuron did not adversely affect
seedling emergence, nor did it inhibit rhizosphere colonisation by Pseudomonas
fluorescens biocontrol strain 2-79.
|
2012年4月25日星期三
The article about pencycuron (part 7)
Evaluation of biological activity of dicamba and its substitute obtained through dichlobenil transformation
Chloronitro- & chloromethoxybenzoic acid
derivatives with development regulation activity were synthesized by the
chemical transformation of dichlobenil, including pure dicamba & a
7:2 mix of dicamba + 2,3-dichloro-6-methoxybenzoic acid (coded TJ-40). The
compounds were tested in the field on a chernozem land for activity against wind
bentgrass Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine & winter straw cv. Grana.
Aminopielik D (40% triethanolamine salt of 2,4-D + 3% dicamba) & Chwastox D
(MCPA-amine + dicamba) gave fantabulous control of G. aparine. Apart from a snub
shorten of stems, herbicides had no influence on straw plants & did not
affect the 1000-grain wt. or germination capacity of seed. TJ-40, added towards
2,4-D or MCPA, complemented the herbicidal activity of these herbicides as much
as pure dicamba.
FAO donates pesticide laboratory equipment to Ethiopia
Source:All Africa
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Thursday
handed over pesticide laboratory equipment and consumable items valued at about
2.9 million Birr to the Ministry of Agriculture.Receiving the donation Agricultural State Minister Wondirad Mandefiro said coordinated control and protection of the agriculture sector from chemicals is essential.
He said the ministry is enhancing the laboratory with relevant technologies and human power.
He said the ministry attached due attention to make agricultural items to be chemical free and competitive at global market.
The State Minister said FAO"s support, therefore, would mean a lot in this regard.
FAO provided the laboratory equipment and consumable items as part of the technical support under The Enforcement of Post-registration Capacities for Better Pesticide Management in Ethiopia project.
FAO Sub-regional Coordinator for Eastern Africa Castro Camarada noted the project represents a significant contribution to the improvement of pesticide management in the country, improved capacity of the pesticide laboratory and its staff for residue analysis, and quality control for improving agricultural export.
I believe it will also contribute to agricultural development, and ultimately contribute to Ethiopia" s Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), he said.
The project was conceived in response to a request by the ministry in 2008 for technical assistance to develop a national pesticide management program.
The project aims at reducing pesticide risk to public health and the environment in Ethiopia, developing a strategy for pesticide reduction, promoting alternatives to conventional pesticides, eliminating hazardous pesticide products, and upgrading technical infrastructure for the control of the quality of pesticide products.
The project has been under implementation since January 2010 in partnership with the ministry, at a total cost of 465,000 US Dollars.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
The article about pencycuron (part 6)
Even in the same anastomosis groups, eg, AG4, there
are both isolates sensitive and less sensitive to pencycuron. The regeneration
of colonies from protoplasts of R-C significantly decreased by the osmotic shock
in the presence of pencycuron, while such effect was canceled by washing
off the chemical prior to the osmotic shock. However, in Rh-131, the application
of the chemical appeared to stimulate the regeneration from protoplasts. Further
the measurement of optical density of protoplasts suspensions was performed to
elucidate the effect of pencycuron on the osmotic stability of protoplasts in a
short period. The optical density of suspensions of R-C protoplasts rapidly
declined in a short period of incubation by the osmotic shock in the presence of
pencycuron, but the effect on Rh-131 protoplasts was not statistically
significant regardless of the presence or the absence of the chemical. In the
first year of the experiments, 7 methods, including 1 with soil disinfection at
planting, were applied in Aug In the following year, R solani stem and stolon
infection on potato plants were assessed in Jun Soil treatment at planting with
pencycuron resulted in the lowest disease severity in the following year. At the
lowest dosage the treatment promoted the total counts of seedborne fungi at 8%
seed moisture content, but 3 and 5 g/kg exerted an inhibitory effect. At 16%
moisture, pencycuron enhanced seedborne fungi at all 3 doses after most
treatment periods, while pencycuron + captan had the reverse effect. Seeds with
16% moisture content lost viability more rapidly than those with 8% moisture,
the effect being more marked as storage time increased. Based on inhibition of
mycelial growth of the pathogen by different concentrations of pencycuron, the
average EC50 of sensitive isolates of R solani AG-4 was 0.02 micro g/ml. Tenfold
concentrations of 0.02 micro g/ml were used as discriminatory concentrations to
detect the sensitivity of 403 isolates of R solani AG-4 to pencycuron. 27.94% of
isolates were resistant to pencycuron. The EC50 of R solani AG-4 KHL 2-1, KHL
15-3, KHL 8-2, KHL 14-1, PLKT 4-1 and KHL 9-1 isolates were 0.0224, 0.0225,
0.0680, 0.0627, 0.1130 and 0.2241 micro g/ml, respectively. In this study, both
temperature and pH had a significant effect on the sensitivity of mycelial
growth of R solani to pencycuron at 0.2 micro g/ml. The responses of the
isolates to pencycuron could be distinguished as resistant, moderately resistant
and sensitive when they were cultured on potato dextrose agar at 20-24 degrees C
and pH 5.4. Different components of the media could also change the sensitivity
of R solani AG-4 to pencycuron. When R solani AG-4 had pectin as a carbon
source, the sensitivity of its hyphae to the fungicide was markedly reduced.
However, the results indicated that each of 8 nitrogen sources in a modified
medium did not affect the sensitivity of R solani AG-4 to pencycuron. These
experiments indicated that both soil- and tuber-borne inoculum must be
considered in any program aimed at controlling R solani. Tuber treatments of
either a 20 min dip in 2% formaldehyde, sprays with pencycuron, iprodione or a spore suspension of 10-6 spores/mL
of Verticillium biguttatum or a dust with tolclofos methyl were most effective
if planted in soil fumigated with 500 L/ha metham sodium or soil with low levels
of R solani. A commercial formulation of Trichoderma harziannum and T koningii
applied as a dust at 1.3 g/10 kg seed was in most cases ineffective when treated
seed was planted into either fumigated or unfumigated soil. The incidence of
progeny tubers with sclerotia varied between sites and ranged from 85% in an
unfumigated soil planted with infected tubers to 2% in a fumigated soil planted
with pencycuron-treated tubers.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO., LTD
Report about dicamba : study on technology of eradiating broad-leaf weed in lawn and grassland
By: Yan" e, FAN Yue-jun
The prevention and eradication effects of three herbicide varieties and mixtures (dicamba, 2, 4-Dbutylate, mecoprop, dicamba +2, 4-Dbutylate, dicamba +2, 4-Dbutylate+mecoprop) on broad-leaf weeds in lawn were studied in trial field of grassland science department of Qinghai normal universiey.The results of the two years" experiments showed that the dicamba, 2, 4-D butylate can effectively eradicate most broad-leaf weeds, and the death rate of the broad-leaf weed reached to 100% in 30 days.The two mixtures had increased efficiency and broaden scope than they used singly.
The prevention and eradication effects of three herbicide varieties and mixtures (dicamba, 2, 4-Dbutylate, mecoprop, dicamba +2, 4-Dbutylate, dicamba +2, 4-Dbutylate+mecoprop) on broad-leaf weeds in lawn were studied in trial field of grassland science department of Qinghai normal universiey.The results of the two years" experiments showed that the dicamba, 2, 4-D butylate can effectively eradicate most broad-leaf weeds, and the death rate of the broad-leaf weed reached to 100% in 30 days.The two mixtures had increased efficiency and broaden scope than they used singly.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO., LTD
EU response to bee death pesticide link questioned
Source:Reuters
The European Union"s top watchdog launched an investigation on Tuesday into
whether the EU"s executive has taken sufficient account of new scientific
evidence on the link between certain pesticides and bee deaths.The United Nations has estimated that a third of all plant-based foods eaten by humans are dependent on bee pollination, but bee numbers in Europe and elsewhere have fallen rapidly in recent years, and scientists have been at a loss to identify the cause.
Some blame the decline on the use of pesticides, and in particular on a widely used class of insecticides called neonicotinoids - nicotine-like chemicals used to protect various crops from locusts, aphids and other pests.
Last month, two scientific studies showed that even low doses of neonicotinoids could harm bumblebees and honeybees, interfering with their homing systems and increasing the chance of individual bees dying while away from the hive.
European Union Ombudsman P. Nikiforos Diamandou said he had opened an investigation after a complaint from the Austrian Ombudsman Board, who said the European Commission had failed to take account of the new evidence on the role of neonicotinoids in bee mortality.
"In its view, the Commission should take new scientific evidence into account and take appropriate measures, such as reviewing the authorisation of relevant substances," said a statement from the EU Ombudsman"s office.
Four neonicotinoids are currently authorised for use in the EU, although several countries including Germany have banned their use in treating seeds after accidental releases resulted in substantial bee deaths.
One of the authorised substances - imidacloprid - is among the most widely used insecticides in the world and is manufactured chiefly by Bayer"s CropScience unit.
The ombudsman has asked the Commission to submit an opinion in the investigation by June 30, after which it will issue a report. Recommendations by the ombudsman are non-binding but are usually followed by the EU"s institutions.
On Tuesday, the Commission said it had already asked the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) to carry out a full review of all neonicotinoid insecticides by April 30 and that it would take appropriate measures based on the findings.
The EU executive has been working on the issue of bee health for 20 years, but there could be new elements to consider in terms of the role of neonicotinoids in bee mortality, a spokesman said.
An online petition calling on politicians in the European Union and the United States to ban the use of neonicotinoids has so far received more than a million signatures.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO., LTD
2012年4月23日星期一
The article about pencycuron (part 5)
The growth of the isolates was inhibited by
fludioxonil and tolclofosmethyl at 1 mu-g a.i./ml and iprodione at 10 mu-g
a.i./ml, but the isolates varied considerably in sensitivity to
pencycuron and benomyl even at 100 mu-g a.i./ml. Benomyl, iprodione,
tolclofosmethyl, and fludioxonil were evaluated for control of disease under
field conditions. Table beets were inoculated with soil infested with three
highly virulent isolates if R solani. In 1991, one spray of each of these
fungicides at a rate of 2.2 kg formulated product per hectare was applied before
or after inoculation with R solani. The experiment was repeated in 1992, except
that a second spray was applied 2 wk after the first spray. In both years, all
fungicide applications significantly reduced the number of infected roots. In
1991, fludioxonil applied before the inoculation of R solani reduced the
incidence of infected roots from 21.8 to 3.8% and was the most effective
treatment. In 1992, one spray before inoculation or two sprays of fludioxonil
reduced the incidence of infected roots from 14.6 to 1.2 and 0.7%, respectively.
Fungicide applications made before inoculation with R solani were more effective
than those made after inoculator. Of the chemicals, pencycuron gave the best
disease control. T harzianum in combination with a reduced dose of pencycuron
was also effective. This technique showed that most sclerotes adhering to the
tuber surface were devitalized when tubers were dipped for 20 min in a 2%
solution of formaldehyde. Dusting tubers with tolclofos-methyl, or spraying them
with fenpiclonil or pencycuron, gave control equal to formaldehyde, whereas a
sodium hypochlorite dip was ineffective. The lack of information about the
actual distribution of the pathogen in potato-producing areas led to a survey of
the occurrence of the disease. Black dot symptoms were observed on roots, stems
and/or tubers of the 82 potato cultivars examined in 1994. A baiting bioassay,
using cuttings of potato cultivars Bintje and Urgenta, revealed the presence of
the pathogen in all 37 soil samples tested, which had been collected throughout
the main French potato growing areas. In vitro, growth of five C coccodes
isolates recovered from diseased potatoes grown in western and southern France
was severely affected by imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl and, to a lesser extent,
mancozeb and thiabendazole. Conversely, iprodione, flutolanil and pencycuron
were ineffective in reducing the growth of these isolates. These data indicate
that C coccodes is widespread in French potato cropping areas, that currently
popular cultivars are susceptible to the disease, and that at least some of the
fungicides commonly applied to seed tubers are ineffective against the pathogen.
The sensitivity of AG4 isolates to pencycuron was negatively correlated with the
mycelial growth at high temperature. Based on such observation and high
lipophilicity of pencycuron, the influence of pencycuron on the fluidity of
lipid membranes of R solani was examined. The composition ratio of saturated
fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid in R-C was higher than that
in Rh-131. On the contrary, linoleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, was more
abundant in Rh-131. While the fluidity of liposomes prepared with total lipids
from R-C remarkably decreased by the application of pencycuron, no significant
diminution of membrane fluidity was observed in liposomes from Rh-131. With
artificial liposomes prepared from phosphatidylcholines commercially available,
the membrane fluidity fluctuated depending on the composition of fatty acids,
and the effect of pencycuron on the membrane fluidity was more significant in
liposomes composed of higher ratio of saturated fatty acids. It was also found
that 14C-pencycuron was bound 3 times more by liposomes that resembled R-C
membrane in composition of fatty acids than those mimicked the membranes of
Rh-131.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
About dicamba: Effects of seven herbicides on growth and pathogenicity of rhizoctonia cerealis vander hoeven
BY: CHEN Hou-de. Nl GUi-hua. WANG Zhang-ming. YUAN
Shu-zhong
The results showed that seven herbicides:fenoxapro-P-ethyl,butachlor,fluroxypyr,chlorsulfuron+isoproturon,tribenuron-methyl,dicamba and metsulfuronm-methyl had inhibition effects on the mycelia growth of Rhizoctonia cerealis with different degrees.Their EC50 was 7.03,26.38,67.20,88.05,199.35,1249.55 and 203.31 mg L-1 respecti6vely.Their inhibition rates of sclerotia formation were 86.3%,57.8%,74.5%,73.5%,71.6%,55.9% and 63.7% respectively and the inhibition rates to the pathogenicity of the pathogen were 44.83%,25.00%,14.66%,-1.00%,31.03%,35.34% and 25.86% respectively, at the concentration of 50 mg L-1.Microscopic observation indicated that the shape of mycelia treated with herbicides deformed in varying degrees.The herbicide fenoxaprop-P could delay the mycelia invading time and could affect the mycelia further penetrating and expending in vicinal cells.
The results showed that seven herbicides:fenoxapro-P-ethyl,butachlor,fluroxypyr,chlorsulfuron+isoproturon,tribenuron-methyl,dicamba and metsulfuronm-methyl had inhibition effects on the mycelia growth of Rhizoctonia cerealis with different degrees.Their EC50 was 7.03,26.38,67.20,88.05,199.35,1249.55 and 203.31 mg L-1 respecti6vely.Their inhibition rates of sclerotia formation were 86.3%,57.8%,74.5%,73.5%,71.6%,55.9% and 63.7% respectively and the inhibition rates to the pathogenicity of the pathogen were 44.83%,25.00%,14.66%,-1.00%,31.03%,35.34% and 25.86% respectively, at the concentration of 50 mg L-1.Microscopic observation indicated that the shape of mycelia treated with herbicides deformed in varying degrees.The herbicide fenoxaprop-P could delay the mycelia invading time and could affect the mycelia further penetrating and expending in vicinal cells.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Three more pesticides claimed to harm salmon
Source:Salon
A draft evaluation from NOAA Fisheries Service has determined that three
common pesticides may be harming West Coast salmon, according to the Associated
Press. The agency is evaluating a total of 37 pesticides. Eleven more
pesticides have yet to be analyzed.The evaluation was kicked off after conservation groups and salmon fishermen demanded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency enforce restrictions on pesticides around salmon streams. The groups filed a lawsuit.
The recent evaluation studied pre-emerge herbicides oryzalin, pendimenthalin and trifluralin, which are commonly used to control weeds in lawns, on road shoulders, in orchards, vineyards and farm fields growing soybeans, cotton, corn, Christmas trees and other crops. Heaviest use is in California. The herbicides are ingredients in more than 100 commercial products made by dozens of manufacturers.
The Associated Press reports that trifluralin is the most toxic of the three while oryzalin is considered the least toxic. According to the evaluation, trifluralin deforms fish backbones even at low concentrations, oryzalin is harmful to aquatic plants and pendimenthalin is toxic to aquatic plants and insects that salmon eat.
The public has until April 30 to comment on the draft evaluation.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
The article about pencycuron (part 4)
Infection of strawberries was effectively reduced
by dipping seedlings in 250 ppm benomyl suspension before transplanting.
Treatment with pencycuron, copper oxyquinolate + carboxin or tolclofos-methyl
were also effective, while dichlofluanid gave poor control. Yields increased
correspondingly. Growth inhibition of R solani f.sp fragariae by benomyl was
reduced when ammonium sulfate was also present in PDA, and a similar effect was
observed for tolclofos-methyl. Ammonium sulfate alone had no effect on fungal
growth. The nematicide oxamyl also had no effect on the pathogen in vitro but
reduced the action of tolclofos-methyl. Carboxin, furmecyclox, thiabendazole,
fenpropimorph and vinclozolin also inhibited all AGs but with wide variations in
toxicity levels. Pencycuron showed strong activity towards 4 AGs but was
ineffective towards the other 6 AGs. The AGs were generally insensitive to
fenarimol and imazalil. Further tests with 5 fungicides showed that
tolclos-methyl strongly inhibited 23 AG2-1 and 20 AG4 R solani isolates from
rape collected in different locations in western Canada. The same isolates were
also sensitive to iprodione, cyproconazole and carboxin. All the AG4 isolates
were insensitive to pencycuron, while the AG2-1 isolates showed highly variable
levels of sensitivity. The following results were obtained: larvae, pupae and
young adults were parasitized by Heterorhabditis. At soil temperatures above 12
degrees C decreases in host densities of 81-100% were found as well in
containerized ornamentals as in field production of strawberries. Dosage levels
could be reduced to 10 000 nematodes per 2 litre-container or 600 000 nematodes
per msuperscript 2 without significant loss of efficiency. It is recommended
that Heterorhabditis should be applied as soon as they are delivered, as cool
storage for several weeks drastically reduced their efficiency. Soil treatments
with the fungicides benomyl, fosetyl, iprodion, metalaxyl, prochloraz,
propamocarb or pencycuron did not show negative effects on the efficiency of
Heterorhabditis against larvae of O sulcatus. Vine growth in untreated soil with
or without dilution using clean sand was compared with growth in soil subjected
to a range of treatments including: disinfestation either by aerated steaming or
by fumigation with methyl bromide, amendment with 1% corn-meal, or treatment
with fungicides and/or fenamiphos. Vines grown in infested soil suffered root
rot caused by R solani and galling caused by M incognita. Both disinfestation
treatments effectively prevented root rotting and galling, and increased the
growth of Colombard but not Ramsey. Fenamiphos increased the growth of the
nematode-susceptible Colombard but not Ramsey at a low initial population
density of three juveniles per 200 g of soil. Nematode reproduction on Ramsey in
the shadehouse and in the field nursery on other rootstocks regarded as being
highly resistant to root-knot nematode was higher than previously reported with
other South Australian Meloidogyne spp populations. Soil dilution increased
Colombard growth and amendment with corn-meal reduced nematode reproduction on
both cultivars Rhizoctonia solani caused root rot in both cultivars but
quintozene and tolclofos-methyl increased root growth only of Ramsey. These
fungicides and pencycuron reduced the severity of root rot; tolclofos-methyl was
particularly effective in reducing the frequency of isolation of R solani from
roots. Potassium phosphite did not reduce root rot or increase root growth.
Quintozene, tolclofos-methyl and pencycuron also inhibited nematode reproduction
but these effects were not consistently observed in both cultivars Most isolates
of R solani from grapevine roots belonged to anastomosis group 4
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD |
Regional water-quality analysis of dicamba and 2,4-d in river water using gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry
By E. M. Thurman, L.R. Zimmerman, D.S. Aga, and
R.J. Gilliom
Gas chromatography with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (GS-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used in regional National Water Quality Assessment studies of the herbicides, 2,4-D and dicamba, in river water across the United States. The GS-MS method involved solid-phase extraction, derivatized with deuterated 2,4-D, and analysis by selected ion monitoring. The ELISA method was applied after preconcentration with solid-phase extraction. The ELISA method was unreliable because of interference humic substances that were also isolated by solid-phase extraction. Therefore, GC-MS was used to analyze 80 samples river water 14 basins. The frequency of detection of dicamba (28%) was higher than that for 2,4-D (16%). Concentrations were higher for dicamba than for 2,4-D, ranging less than the detection limit (<0.05/L) to 3.77 /L, in spite of 5 times more annual use of 2,4-D as compared to dicanba. These results suggest that 2,4-D degrades more rapidly in the environment than dicamba. Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD |
Purdue University: pesticide additives cause drifting droplets
|
Source:Purdue University
Chemical additives that help agricultural pesticides adhere to their targets
during spraying can lead to formation of smaller "satellite" droplets that cause
those pesticides to drift into unwanted areas, Purdue University
researchers have found.Carlos Corvalan, an associate professor of food science, said understanding how the additives work together means they could be designed to decrease the health, environmental and property damage risks caused by drift. Corvalan; Osvaldo Campanella, a Purdue professor of agricultural and biological engineering; and Paul E. Sojka, a Purdue professor of mechanical engineering, published their results in a February issue of the journal Chemical Engineering Science. "When we spray liquids, we have what we call main drops, which are drops of the desired size, and we can also have smaller satellite drops. The smaller drops move easily by wind and travel long distances," Corvalan said. "Now that we know better how additives influence the formation of satellite droplets, we can control their formation." The research will also have applications in food processing and rocket propulsion, where drop sizes are important. When liquids are sprayed, they start in a stream and eventually form drops. As the liquids move farther in the air, drops connected by a thin filament start to pull apart. That filament eventually detaches and becomes part of the drops that were forming on either side of it. Satellite droplets form in the middle of filaments of pesticides containing surfactants and polymeric additives, which help the pesticides wet and adhere to plant surfaces. The surfactants reduce surface tension and force round drops to flatten, helping them cover more surface area on a sprayed plant"s leaves. The polymeric additives reduce viscosity – liquid resistance – making the pesticide flow easier. Polymeric additives also keep the drops from bouncing off plant surfaces. "Each additive is designed to improve the characteristics of the main drops," Corvalan said. "But there is a side effect." When both additives are present in a pesticide, the surfactant pushes more liquid toward the filament. The reduced viscosity allows liquid to flow more easily in that direction, resulting in a well-defined satellite drop forming in the filament. "When you put both additives together, there is a synergistic effect. The force induced by the surfactant that was opposed by viscosity is no longer so strongly opposed, and this combined effect can result in the formation of satellite droplets," Corvalan said. Drifting of agricultural pesticides not only increases waste and cost for farmers but also can cause health, environmental and property damage, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The results show that carefully modulating the strength, concentration or ratio of surfactants to polymer additives can mitigate or eliminate the formation of unwanted satellite droplets. Corvalan is now transferring the results obtained from agricultural research into food processing and rocket propulsion work. He said drop size uniformity is as important for fuels sprayed into rocket combustion chambers as for the production of food emulsions. The U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Air Quality Program, and the Army Research Office funded the work. Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD |
2012年4月20日星期五
The article about pencycuron (part 3)
The attacks are normally more severe in southern
and western Sweden than in northern Sweden. The economical importance is less
than that of late blight. Different symptoms on sprouts, stems, stolons and
tubers, which are caused by R solani, are described. The possibilities for
reducing the attack by the fungus are discussed. This can be done by using seed
free from black scurf, by planting in thoroughly cultivated soil and by
chemically the seed borne infestation are presented. Tolclofos-methyl and
Pencycuron have had the best effect against Rhizoctonia canker and have
considerably decreased the occurrence of black scurf in the yield. Attempts to
control both the seed and soil borne infestations by using spray equipment
mounted on the potato planter are being made in field trials. Both this method
and the use of a powder applicator on the planter are favourable for hygienic
working conditions, but so far these methods have not given a satisfactory
control of the fungus. To achieve such a control the fungicide probably must
have a fumigating effect. An effective spray method demands a larger dosage.
Control was maintained for 50 d after application. Mixing pencycuron at a
rate of 2 g/litre soil and irrigation with 100-fold dilute solution at a rate of
9 litres/msuperscript 2 after full germination were not inhibitory to seedling
growth. Sprouts of seed tubers, sprouted in daylight, were inoculated with
Verticillium biguttatum, an ecologically obligate mycoparasite of R solani.
Fungicides were mixed with the top soil. Biological control by Dbiguttatum
increased the percentage of harvests with <5% loss due to grading from 24% to
56%. Fungicides at the recommended rates usually gave good results but lower
doses were less effective in sand than in loam soils. When fungicides were
combined with biological control, the results were often better: harvests with
<5% sorting loss increased from 56 to 81%. Integrated control with pencycuron
at 25% of the recommended rate was about equal to chemical control with
pencycuron at full rate. Single green ring applications of propiconazole at
0.18, 0.32, or 0.48 kg a.i./ha and sequential green ring and boot sprays
effectively reduced disease incidence over time. Severity of sheath blight over
time, expressed as percent lesion height to total sheath height, was increased
by green ring applications. With the loss of fungicidal activity over time,
lesions on treated tillers progressed upward at a faster rate and reached higher
levels than on nonsprayed tillers. Single boot applications at 0.18, 0.32, and
0.48 kg a.i/ha; both application of propiconazole at 0.32 kg a.i/ha followed by
heading applications of either benomyl, iprodione, or pencycuron; or boot and
heading sprays of benomyl had little effect on disease incidence. In contrast,
disease severity was significantly reduced by all boot and heading treatment
combinations. Diasese progress measured as incidence or severity was reduced
most effectively by the application of pencycuron at boot and heading.
Consistent positive yield responses compared with the nonsprayed control
resulted from all boot and heading applications, whereas green ring applications
generally resulted in a negative yield response. Yields were significantly
negatively correlated with areas under the disease progress curves based on
weekly severity measurements.
Sixteen of these fungicides were evaluated as seed treatments against pre-emergence damping-off and 8 against post-emergence seedling root rot of canola cv Westar and cv Tobin. Seed was planted in soilless mix infested with an isolate of AG-2-1 or AG-4, or their mixture. Benodanil, benomyl, carbathiin, cyproconazole, flutolanil, furmecyclox, iprodione, thiabendazole and tolclofos-methyl showed strong in vitro activity against both isolates. Fenpropimorph, flusilazole, propiconazole, triadimenol and vinclozolin had moderate activity and tebuconazole, triadimefon and chlorothalonil poor activity; while fenarimol, imazalil and nuarimol were ineffective against both isolates. Pencycuron gave very strong inhibition of the AG-2-1 isolate but was ineffective against the AG-4 isolate. Fenpropimorph, furmecyclox, iprodione and tolclofos-methyl, applied to Westar and Tobin seed at 1 g a.i./kg, provided about 90% control of pre-emergence damping-off in pots infested with either isolate AG-2-1, AG-4 or both. Furmecyclox and iprodione at 2-4 g a.i./kg were the most effective fungicides against post-emergence seedling root rot caused by the AG-2-1 isolate. Cyproconazole provided 90% control against damping-off at the lowest rates of 0.03 and 0.12 g a.i./kg seed of Westar and Tobin, respectively, but gave poor control of seedling root rot. Generally a higher quantity of fungicide was required in cv Tobin than in cv Westar for an equivalent level of disease control. Crops are predisposed to high disease incidence by high seed rate and high N fertilization with low K input. Spraying with pencycuron and triphenyltin hydroxide reduced infection in the field. No resistant lines were found in screening trials. Pencycuron or tolclofos-methyl applied as soil drenches or soil fumigation with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate or dazomet reduced damage caused by the disease. In the laboratory, all treatments reduced the incidence of Colletotrichum gossypii, Rhizoctonia solani, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium spp Tolylfluanid, pencycuron + tolylfluanid and benomyl were the most effective against G gossypii, pencycuron was most effective against R solani, while pencycuron + tolylfluanid was the most effective against B theobromae and pencycuron + tolylfluanid and benomyl were best against F spp All fungicides improved the crop stand, and pencycuron + tolylfluanid gave the best control of damping-off. Five cultivars of B rapa, four cultivars of B juncea, four cultivars of B napus and one cultivar/strain from each of B carinata, B nigra and B oleracea were grown in soilless mix infested with an isolate of Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1. B nigra and B juncea were considerably less susceptible to R solani than the four other species. Cyproconazole at 0.05-0.1 g a.i./kg seed and the other fungicides at 2-4 g a.i./kg seed provided almost complete control of pre-emergence damping-off in most Brassica species and their cultivars Their efficacy varied against the post-emergence seedling root rot. Furmecyclox, iprodione, tolclofos-methyl and pencycuron consistently gave good control of seedling root rot in all Brassica species and their cultivars Benodanil and fenpropimorph provided moderate control, and carboxin and cyproconazole gave poor control against root rot.
Also, the efficacy of three experimental combinations of fungicides and two fungicide combinations sold commercially was reduced. All herbicides caused visible damage to cotton plants in Tifton loamy sand soil in Georgia but not in the silty loam soil in Egypt. The most rapid recovery from herbicide damage and the least reduction in efficacy of fungicides were observed with herbicide norflurazon. In Georgia, the efficacy of fungicides was evaluated with no herbicides for four planting dates between 29 March and 2 May. Planting on 12 and 19 April did not affect the efficacy of the fungicides chloroneb, flutolanil, pencycuron, tolclofos-methyl, metalaxyl, or pentachloronitrobenzene, but it significantly reduced the percentage of stand with carboxin. Of the four strains two were sensitive, and the other two tolerant to pencycuron. Strain S1 metabolized 85% of the pencycuron in a 0.5 ppm liquid medium, while strains S2, T1 and T2 slowly metabolized only 10-20% of the pencycuron 24 hr after incubation. Main metabolites were cis and trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyl pencycuron, whose fungicidal activity was weaker than pencycuron.
Sixteen of these fungicides were evaluated as seed treatments against pre-emergence damping-off and 8 against post-emergence seedling root rot of canola cv Westar and cv Tobin. Seed was planted in soilless mix infested with an isolate of AG-2-1 or AG-4, or their mixture. Benodanil, benomyl, carbathiin, cyproconazole, flutolanil, furmecyclox, iprodione, thiabendazole and tolclofos-methyl showed strong in vitro activity against both isolates. Fenpropimorph, flusilazole, propiconazole, triadimenol and vinclozolin had moderate activity and tebuconazole, triadimefon and chlorothalonil poor activity; while fenarimol, imazalil and nuarimol were ineffective against both isolates. Pencycuron gave very strong inhibition of the AG-2-1 isolate but was ineffective against the AG-4 isolate. Fenpropimorph, furmecyclox, iprodione and tolclofos-methyl, applied to Westar and Tobin seed at 1 g a.i./kg, provided about 90% control of pre-emergence damping-off in pots infested with either isolate AG-2-1, AG-4 or both. Furmecyclox and iprodione at 2-4 g a.i./kg were the most effective fungicides against post-emergence seedling root rot caused by the AG-2-1 isolate. Cyproconazole provided 90% control against damping-off at the lowest rates of 0.03 and 0.12 g a.i./kg seed of Westar and Tobin, respectively, but gave poor control of seedling root rot. Generally a higher quantity of fungicide was required in cv Tobin than in cv Westar for an equivalent level of disease control. Crops are predisposed to high disease incidence by high seed rate and high N fertilization with low K input. Spraying with pencycuron and triphenyltin hydroxide reduced infection in the field. No resistant lines were found in screening trials. Pencycuron or tolclofos-methyl applied as soil drenches or soil fumigation with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate or dazomet reduced damage caused by the disease. In the laboratory, all treatments reduced the incidence of Colletotrichum gossypii, Rhizoctonia solani, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium spp Tolylfluanid, pencycuron + tolylfluanid and benomyl were the most effective against G gossypii, pencycuron was most effective against R solani, while pencycuron + tolylfluanid was the most effective against B theobromae and pencycuron + tolylfluanid and benomyl were best against F spp All fungicides improved the crop stand, and pencycuron + tolylfluanid gave the best control of damping-off. Five cultivars of B rapa, four cultivars of B juncea, four cultivars of B napus and one cultivar/strain from each of B carinata, B nigra and B oleracea were grown in soilless mix infested with an isolate of Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1. B nigra and B juncea were considerably less susceptible to R solani than the four other species. Cyproconazole at 0.05-0.1 g a.i./kg seed and the other fungicides at 2-4 g a.i./kg seed provided almost complete control of pre-emergence damping-off in most Brassica species and their cultivars Their efficacy varied against the post-emergence seedling root rot. Furmecyclox, iprodione, tolclofos-methyl and pencycuron consistently gave good control of seedling root rot in all Brassica species and their cultivars Benodanil and fenpropimorph provided moderate control, and carboxin and cyproconazole gave poor control against root rot.
Also, the efficacy of three experimental combinations of fungicides and two fungicide combinations sold commercially was reduced. All herbicides caused visible damage to cotton plants in Tifton loamy sand soil in Georgia but not in the silty loam soil in Egypt. The most rapid recovery from herbicide damage and the least reduction in efficacy of fungicides were observed with herbicide norflurazon. In Georgia, the efficacy of fungicides was evaluated with no herbicides for four planting dates between 29 March and 2 May. Planting on 12 and 19 April did not affect the efficacy of the fungicides chloroneb, flutolanil, pencycuron, tolclofos-methyl, metalaxyl, or pentachloronitrobenzene, but it significantly reduced the percentage of stand with carboxin. Of the four strains two were sensitive, and the other two tolerant to pencycuron. Strain S1 metabolized 85% of the pencycuron in a 0.5 ppm liquid medium, while strains S2, T1 and T2 slowly metabolized only 10-20% of the pencycuron 24 hr after incubation. Main metabolites were cis and trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyl pencycuron, whose fungicidal activity was weaker than pencycuron.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Synergism of dicamba with diflufenzopyr with respect to turfgrass weed control
By: Glenn Wehtje
Diflufenzopyr is an auxin-transport inhibitor that can increase the phytotoxicity of certain auxin-mimicking herbicides such as dicamba on broadleaf species. Dicamba is commonly used alone and in combination with other auxin herbicides for broadleaf weed control in various species of turfgrass. Dicamba efficacy applied over a series of rates either alone or as an admixture with either 20 or 40% by weight of diflufenzopyr relative to the weight of dicamba was evaluated on purple cudweed and common lespedeza. The 20% admixture reduced the LD50 of dicamba on purple cudweed from 23 to 20 g/ha. Similarly, LD50 on common lespedeza was reduced from 36 and 27 g/ha. The 20% admixture was 13 and 25% more active than dicamba alone for these two weed species, respectively. However, the synergistic benefit was limited to a relatively narrow range of rates that are below the minimal registered rate of dicamba. Turfgrass injury, as expressed by the suppression of foliage growth, was similar whether dicamba was applied alone or with diflufenzopyr for all species evaluated except St. Augustinegrass. The admixture was less injurious than dicamba alone in St. Augustinegrass. The synergistic benefit with respect to weed control was obtained without a corresponding increase in injury on the turfgrasses.
Diflufenzopyr is an auxin-transport inhibitor that can increase the phytotoxicity of certain auxin-mimicking herbicides such as dicamba on broadleaf species. Dicamba is commonly used alone and in combination with other auxin herbicides for broadleaf weed control in various species of turfgrass. Dicamba efficacy applied over a series of rates either alone or as an admixture with either 20 or 40% by weight of diflufenzopyr relative to the weight of dicamba was evaluated on purple cudweed and common lespedeza. The 20% admixture reduced the LD50 of dicamba on purple cudweed from 23 to 20 g/ha. Similarly, LD50 on common lespedeza was reduced from 36 and 27 g/ha. The 20% admixture was 13 and 25% more active than dicamba alone for these two weed species, respectively. However, the synergistic benefit was limited to a relatively narrow range of rates that are below the minimal registered rate of dicamba. Turfgrass injury, as expressed by the suppression of foliage growth, was similar whether dicamba was applied alone or with diflufenzopyr for all species evaluated except St. Augustinegrass. The admixture was less injurious than dicamba alone in St. Augustinegrass. The synergistic benefit with respect to weed control was obtained without a corresponding increase in injury on the turfgrasses.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
FAO launches project to manage obsolete pesticides in former Soviet Union countries
Source:FAO
Twelve countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia will start
working with the European Union (EU) and FAO to manage their vast stocks of
obsolete pesticides in a partnership that was launched at FAO"s
headquarters in Rome.It is estimated that around 200 000 tons of obsolete pesticides, nearly half the world"s stockpiles, can be found in twelve former Soviet Union republics. Kept in tens of thousands of unprotected sites, they pose a serious threat to the health of the people around them and to the environment.
For the next four years, the EU and FAO will invest €7 million to assist these countries — Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan — in managing obsolete pesticides and reducing the risks of current stocks. At the same time, the project will build capacity to reduce risks from pesticides used in agriculture and avoid build-up of additional stockpiles in future.
"In the past decades, we were able to increase food production significantly, but at a huge toll on the environment," said José Graziano da Silva, Director-General of FAO. "One of the consequences of this chemical-input, intensive agriculture we adopted are the barrels of obsolete pesticides lying abandoned around the world.
"Pesticides may be an important input for farming, but they need to be used responsibly while protecting human health and the environment from their adverse effects. In our quest for sustainability and to meet the challenge of feeding a growing population while preserving our environment, we also need to take a good look at the different options we have to protect crops and improve productivity. This includes using natural means to protect and improve crop yields through sustainable crop intensification, or "save and grow" techniques as we call it at FAO," Graziano da Silva added.
Catalyst
"The EU has an established policy dialogue and co-operation on environment related issues with its eastern neighbours and Central Asian partners," said the EU Ambassador Laurence Argimon-Pistre.
"In its new Neighbourhood Policy, the EU will continue to pursue a higher level of environment protection with its eastern partners and be committed to combat environmental degradation," she added. "This includes obsolete pesticides and other hazardous chemicals, whose environmental and health risks are not only at stake for the region but also for the EU".
The EU is contributing €6 million to the initiative, and FAO, which is to act as implementing agency, has allocated €1 million in funding. This initiative aims to act as a catalyst for the development of obsolete pesticide and hazardous waste management in the region, by helping provide the resources needed for technical and policy support to enable countries to help themselves.
Work together
Although activities will include the actual disposal of stockpiles, the priority lies in building capacities, for example in the areas of legislative reform, pesticide registration processes, the promotion of alternatives to the most hazardous chemicals in use and the development of communication strategies to raise awareness among farmers and the public.
Another important goal is to establish a regional forum geared to the mobilisation of the additional resources needed for full-scale clean-up and the constitution of a region-wide system capable of dealing with future challenges posed by pesticides. Other cross-cutting activities include a survey of regional waste management capacity and the creation of a regional training centre.
Key to achieving the overall aim of removing toxic materials from the region is the development of linkages between initiatives already active to ensure that all partners are working together.
In this initiative, FAO and the EU are working together with partners such as WHO, UNEP, the Secretariats of the Convention of Rotterdam, Stockholm and Basel, international NGOs, including the Green Cross and the International HCH and Pesticide Association and the private sector, among others.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
2012年4月18日星期三
The article about pencycuron (part 2)
The commercial insecticide, diazinon, was most
toxic to the preparasites, followed by phenthoate, BPMC, IBP, cartap
hydrochloride and buprofezin+isoprocarb. The least toxic commercial pesticide
tested was the fungicide, pencycuron. Out of 12 technical grade
insecticides tested, phenthoate, monocrotophos, diazinon and carbofuran were
highly toxic to the preparasites followed by buprofezin, BPMC and fenitrothion.
Fenthion, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and MIPC were the technical
grade insecticides least toxic to the preparasites. Most preparasites survived
for up to 24 h at the low insecticide concentrations. Preparasites that were
exposed to BPMC for 24 h at concentrations as high as 5.0 ppm and survived the
treatments infected brown planthopper nymphs. Four selected
insecticides-chlorpyrifos, BPMC, imidacloprid and carbofuran-had significant
adverse effects on A unka egg hatching. Eggs that were in the insecticide
solution for 168 h fared poorly with imidacloprid having the best survival. No
eggs hatched source to the other insecticide treatments. Three selected
insecticides, BPMC, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, tested against adult A unka
showed that most adults survived the exposure to the insecticides between 0.31
and 2.5 ppm At 5.0 ppm of BPMC or chlorpyrifos none of the adults survived,
whereas with imidacloprid 70% of the adults survived Egg deposition by the
surviving adults was greatly reduced in those treated with the insecticides
compared with those in the controls. Seeds of the cv Carioquinha, with 22.5% of
contamination by C lindemuthianum and 29.0% by R solani were utilized in
laboratory and field tests. All fungicides reduced the incidence of both
pathogens. Pencycuron and pencycuron + tolyfluanid were the treatments with the
least percentage of seeds contained by R solani and "damping-off" in the field.
The most efficient control of C lindemuthianum in seeds was obtained with
tolyfluanid and benomyl, which eradicated the fungus. All treatments
significantly increased the stand, when compared to the untreated control. The
efficiency of the fungicides captan cymoxanil+mancozeb, fosetyl-Al, mancozeb,
metalaxyl, propamocarb and thiram was investigated in the control of P deliense
P capsici, as well as benomyl, captan, iprodione, mancozeb, pencycuron,
quintozene, thiabendazol and thiram in the control of R solani. The work was
carried out in a growth room with controlled temperature and light regimes. R
solani and P deliense were more damaging to cucumber in the present study than P
capsici. Based on inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen by different
concentrations of pencycuron, the average EC-50 of the fungicide reacted to the
sensitive isolates of R solani AG-4 was at 0.02 mu-g/ml. Tenfold of 0.02 mu-g/ml
was used as a discriminatory concentration to detect the sensitivity of 403
isolates of R solani AG-4 to pencycuron. There were 27.94% of isolates resistant
to pencycuron. The EC-50 of pencycuron reacted to R solani AG-4 KHL 2-1, KHL
15-3, KHL 8-2, KHL 14-1, PLKT 4-1, and KHL 9-1 isolates was 0.0224, 0.0225,
0.0680, 0.0627, 0.1130, or 0.2241 mu-g/ml. In this study, both temperature and
pH values were able to significantly affect the sensitivity of mycelial growth
of R solani to Pencycuron at 0.2 mu-g/ml. The responses of the isolates to
pencycuron could be distinguished as resistance, medium resistance and
sensitivity when they were cultured on potato dextrose agar at 20-24 degree C
and pH 5.4. Different components of media could also change the sensitivity of R
solani AG-4 to pencycuron fungicide. When R solani AG-4 used pectin as a carbon
source, the sensitivity of its hyphae to the fungicide was reduced markedly.
However, the results indicated that each of eight nitrogen sources in a modified
medium did not affect the sensitivity of R solani AG-4 to pencycuron.
Also, the efficacy of three experimental combinations of fungicides and two fungicide combinations sold commercially was reduced. All herbicides caused visible damage to cotton plants in Tifton loamy sand soil in Georgia but not in the silty loam soil in Egypt. The most rapid recovery source to herbicide damage and the least reduction in efficacy of fungicides were observed with herbicide norflurazon. In Georgia, the efficacy of fungicides was evaluated with no herbicides for four planting dates between 29 March and 2 May. Planting on 12 and 19 April did not affect the efficacy of the fungicides chloroneb, flutolanil, pencycuron, tolclofos-methyl, metalaxyl, or pentachloronitrobenzene, but it significantly reduced the percentage of stand with carboxin
Also, the efficacy of three experimental combinations of fungicides and two fungicide combinations sold commercially was reduced. All herbicides caused visible damage to cotton plants in Tifton loamy sand soil in Georgia but not in the silty loam soil in Egypt. The most rapid recovery source to herbicide damage and the least reduction in efficacy of fungicides were observed with herbicide norflurazon. In Georgia, the efficacy of fungicides was evaluated with no herbicides for four planting dates between 29 March and 2 May. Planting on 12 and 19 April did not affect the efficacy of the fungicides chloroneb, flutolanil, pencycuron, tolclofos-methyl, metalaxyl, or pentachloronitrobenzene, but it significantly reduced the percentage of stand with carboxin
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
The Research Story: Dicamba Resistant Soybean Technology
The trait used to develop dicamba-resistant soybean
was discovered at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln by a team of researchers
led by Dr. Donald Weeks, and was licensed to Monsanto. The trait confers the
ability to rapidly metabolize dicamba and was found in the soil bacterium
Pseudomonas maltophilia (Behrens et al., 2007). Then through the process of
genetic engineering, the trait was inserted into soybean, enabling soybean to
breakdown dicamba to an inactive form that is not harmful to the
crop.
Dicamba is a selective herbicide that controls broadleaf weeds, but not grasses. It is most often applied in combination with other herbicides, particularly if there is a need for both broadleaf and grass control. It is widely used in cereal grain crops, in pastures, and in turf environments like lawns and golf courses. Dicamba is primarily
applied to control weeds that have already emerged the soil, and may limit the growth of some weeds that germinate later. The two most common formulations of dicamba are Banvel and Clarity, but there are numerous other products that contain dicamba as an active ingredient, such as Status, Distinct, Weed-B-Gon and Trimec
Dicamba is a selective herbicide that controls broadleaf weeds, but not grasses. It is most often applied in combination with other herbicides, particularly if there is a need for both broadleaf and grass control. It is widely used in cereal grain crops, in pastures, and in turf environments like lawns and golf courses. Dicamba is primarily
applied to control weeds that have already emerged the soil, and may limit the growth of some weeds that germinate later. The two most common formulations of dicamba are Banvel and Clarity, but there are numerous other products that contain dicamba as an active ingredient, such as Status, Distinct, Weed-B-Gon and Trimec
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
U.S. EPA updated pesticide registration review schedule
Source:EPA News Release
U.S. EPA has issued an updated schedule for the pesticide registration review
program. As mandated by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act,
EPA is reviewing each registered pesticide every 15 years to determine whether
it still meets the FIFRA standard for registration. The updated schedule
provides the timetable for opening dockets for the next several years of the
registration review program, from fiscal year (FY) 2012 through 2015, and
includes information on dockets that opened in FY 2007 through FY 2011. The
schedule reflects the Agency’s plan to continue to open about 70 new dockets
each year through 2017. Following this schedule, EPA will complete the first
15-year cycle of registration review by October 1, 2022, for all
pesticides registered as of October 1, 2007.EPA is announcing the updated schedule as provided in Sections 155.42(e) and 155.44 of the Procedural Regulations for Registration Review: Final Rule. The Agency may consider issues raised by the public or a registrant when reviewing a posted schedule, to schedule a pesticide registration review, or to modify the schedule of a pesticide registration review as appropriate. This schedule will be updated at least once every year.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
2012年4月17日星期二
The article about pencycuron (part 1)
Pencycuron at field rate, 2FR and 10FR affected the
microbial biomass C, soil ergosterol content and fluorescein diacetate
hydrolyzing activity differentially. The DCM amendment did not seem to have any
counteractive effect on the toxicity of pencycuron on the microbial variables.
Out of four fungicides tested, pencycuron was found most effective to
control the sheath blight disease. In the greenhouse, pencycuron inhibited
binucleate Rhizoctonia, R oryzae, or R solani in vitro and reduced Rhizoctonia
root rot. Pencycuron also inhibited G graminis var tritici strains in vitro and
slightly reduced take-all disease in the greenhouse. Moreover, pencycuron seed
treatment protected plants against a disease mixture of Rhizoctonia root rot and
take-all. Pythium spp were not inhibited by pencycuron in vitro. Pencycuron did
not adversely affect seedling emergence, nor did it inhibit rhizosphere
colonisation by Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain 2-79. Pencycuron
dissipated at all treatment combinations following first order kinetics and the
half-lives ranged between 4.9 to 5.8 days. In lab tests, all chemical treatments
reduced the incidence on the seeds of Colletotrichum gossypii, Rhizoctonia
solani, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium spp The best results on the
control of C gossypii were obtained with tolylfluanid, pencycuron + tolylfluanid
and benomyl. The fungicide pencycuron detached on the control of R solani. The
best control of B theobromae was observed when the seeds were treated with
pencycuron + tolylfluanid. Fusarium spp was better controlled with pencycuron +
tolylfluanid and benomyl. Satisfactory effect of fungicides on the stand was
observed. The sensitivity of AG4 isolates to pencycuron was negatively
correlated with the mycelial growth at high temperature. Based on such
observation and high lipophilicity of pencycuron, the influence of pencycuron on the fluidity of
lipid membranes of R solani was examined. The composition ratio of saturated
fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid in R-C was higher than that
in Rh-131. On the contrary, linoleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, was more
abundant in Rh-131. While the fluidity of liposomes prepared with total lipids
from R-C remarkably decreased by the application of pencycuron, no significant
diminution of membrane fluidity was observed in liposomes from Rh-131. With
artificial liposomes prepared from phosphatidylcholines commercially available,
the membrane fluidity fluctuated depending on the composition of fatty acids,
and the effect of pencycuron on the membrane fluidity was more significant in
liposomes composed of higher ratio of saturated fatty acids. It was also found
that 14C-pencycuron was bound 3 times more by liposomes that resembled R-C
membrane in composition of fatty acids than those mimicked the membranes of
Rh-131. Even in the same anastomosis groups, eg, AG4, there are both isolates
sensitive and less sensitive to pencycuron. The regeneration of colonies from
protoplasts of R-C significantly decreased by the osmotic shock in the presence
of pencycuron, while such effect was canceled by washing off the chemical prior
to the osmotic shock. However, in Rh-131, the application of the chemical
appeared to stimulate the regeneration from protoplasts. Further the measurement
of optical density of protoplasts suspensions was performed to elucidate the
effect of pencycuron on the osmotic stability of protoplasts in a short period.
The optical density of suspensions of R-C protoplasts rapidly declined in a
short period of incubation by the osmotic shock in the presence of pencycuron,
but the effect on Rh-131 protoplasts was not statistically significant
regardless of the presence or the absence of the chemical.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Integrating 2,4-d and dicamba resistant soybean into wisconsin cropping systems
BY：Vince M. Davis
Introduction
Glyphosate resistant crops, first released in 1996, have been the most rapidly adopted
agriculture technology by the farming community in the U.S. The technology was rapidly
adopted because weed management systems were drastically simplified. Weed management
was simplified because glyphosate is a highly efficacious, non-selective postemergence
herbicide for control of annual and perennial weed species, and when used in conjunction
with glyphosate-resistant crops, a high-level of crop safety was ensured. Additionally,
glyphosate is also safer for the environment, safer for humans and animals, cheaper, and
slower to develop resistance in comparison to many other herbicide options. All of those
reasons have contributed to make glyphosate an herbicide that growers and applicators prefer
to use.
Unfortunately, in part due to its’ own superior postemergence weed control efficacy and
low cost, glyphosate has been relied upon too much in many glyphosate-resistant cropping
systems. This ‘over-reliance’ on a single weed control strategy has created a ‘shift’ in the
problematic weeds in many fields to become dominated by species where glyphosate is less
efficacious, as well as infested with weed biotypes which are resistant to glyphosate.
Currently, there are 21 weed species Worldwide documented with biotypes that are resistant
to postemergence glyphosate. Some of these weeds like horseweed, giant ragweed, common
ragweed, waterhemp, Palmer amaranth, and johnsongrass (just to name a few) infest millions
of acres of corn, soybean, and cotton across the U.S. Additional management, additional
herbicides, and subsequently additional costs have been the result of this progression.
One additional result of the increased glyphosate-resistant weeds in glyphosate-resistant
cropping systems Worldwide has been the need for newer technologies to aid in weed control
to ensure sustainability of our primary commodity crop production across the U.S. A couple
of those developed technologies are crops with genetically modified traits which will allow
them to be resistant to growth regulator herbicides in addition to glyphosate. The growth
regulating herbicides of primary utility for these crop traits are 2,4-D and dicamba.
Dicamba-resistant Soybean
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO, is developing the addition of dicamba tolerance to
the Genuity.Roundup Ready 2 Yield.Soybean platform which will offer growers an
additional tool for flexible and effective weed management along with the increased yield
opportunity of Roundup Ready 2 Yield.Once approved, the dicamba tolerant technology
will enable the use of dicamba and glyphosate tank-mixes for preplant burndown, at planting,
and in-season applications adding considerable weed control value to the well-established and
effective Roundup Ready® system. Monsanto and BASF are working together to develop
innovative dicamba formulations for use with these herbicide-tolerant cropping systems, and
both companies are working together to develop robust Best Management Practices for the
use of dicamba over Dicamba tolerant soybeans. Dicamba tolerant soybeans are projected to
be commercialized in the middle of this decade, pending global regulatory approvals with
initial product launches in the U.S. and Canada.
2,4-D-resistant Crops
Dow AgroSciences has developed traits conferring herbicide tolerance in plants. This
technology was originally referred to as Dow AgroSciences Herbicide Tolerance (DHT)
traits, and is now referred to as Enlist™ Weed Control System. In soybean, the trait will
provide tolerance to pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of 2,4-D. In corn, the
trait will provide tolerance to pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of 2,4-D and
post-emergence applications of quizalofop, an ACCase – inhibitor grass herbicide. In
conjunction with the Enlist crop traits, Dow AgroSciences is also developing new and novel
proprietary technology that will significantly reduce the physical drift and volatility of 2,4-D
relative to current DMA and ester 2,4-D herbicide formulations in the market. This new
technology will be used to create proprietary pre-mix formulations of 2,4-D + glyphosate
having improved compatibility and cold storage stability characteristics. Dow AgroSciences
is also committed to providing comprehensive stewardship guidance for deploying this
technology. Enlist technologies are also projected to be commercialized in the middle of this
decade, pending global regulatory approvals.
Thoughts about Growth Regulator Resistant Crop Adoption in Wisconsin
I agree these growth regulator resistant technologies will offer many plausible and
important weed control benefits. However, the adoption and acceptance of these technologies
may once again stretch the entire crop production community to revolutionize. The benefits
with these pending technologies will include increasing broad-spectrum postemergence weed
control options, particularly for broadleaf weeds. Similar to glyphosate, the growth regulating
herbicides are also relatively cheap, and weeds are slow to develop biotypes with resistance.
However, growth regulator resistant weeds have been documented in a couple unique
situations, so like glyphosate, it can happen when the herbicide is used too often.
The adoption of these technologies also bring much concern about the potential for these
herbicides to be used more often, and as a result, find their way to sensitive vegetation which
was not an intended target. Growth regulating herbicides cause plant symptoms that are
highly visible which can lead to easy detection of off-site movement. There are three
common ways these herbicides will move off-target including failure to properly clean spray
equipment (which is very difficult in relation to other herbicides), particle drift during
herbicide applications, and volatilization, or movement of vapor off the target after spray has
deposited on the target surface. In summary, these technologies bring with them both
opportunity and challenges for weed management systems which will be discussed.
References
Johnson, W.G., V.M. Davis, G.R. Kruger, and S.C. Weller. 2009. Influence of glyphosateresistant
cropping systems on weed species shifts and glyphosate-resistant weed
populations. Eur. J. Agron. 31:162-172.
Seifert-Higgins, S. 2010. Weed management systems in dicamba-tolerant soybeans (DTS).
Proc. of the 2010 North Central Weed Science Soc. 65:91.
Simpson, D.M. 2010. Future of 2,4-D – New uses and new technologies. Proc. of the 2010
North Central Weed Science Soc. 65:180.
Introduction
Glyphosate resistant crops, first released in 1996, have been the most rapidly adopted
agriculture technology by the farming community in the U.S. The technology was rapidly
adopted because weed management systems were drastically simplified. Weed management
was simplified because glyphosate is a highly efficacious, non-selective postemergence
herbicide for control of annual and perennial weed species, and when used in conjunction
with glyphosate-resistant crops, a high-level of crop safety was ensured. Additionally,
glyphosate is also safer for the environment, safer for humans and animals, cheaper, and
slower to develop resistance in comparison to many other herbicide options. All of those
reasons have contributed to make glyphosate an herbicide that growers and applicators prefer
to use.
Unfortunately, in part due to its’ own superior postemergence weed control efficacy and
low cost, glyphosate has been relied upon too much in many glyphosate-resistant cropping
systems. This ‘over-reliance’ on a single weed control strategy has created a ‘shift’ in the
problematic weeds in many fields to become dominated by species where glyphosate is less
efficacious, as well as infested with weed biotypes which are resistant to glyphosate.
Currently, there are 21 weed species Worldwide documented with biotypes that are resistant
to postemergence glyphosate. Some of these weeds like horseweed, giant ragweed, common
ragweed, waterhemp, Palmer amaranth, and johnsongrass (just to name a few) infest millions
of acres of corn, soybean, and cotton across the U.S. Additional management, additional
herbicides, and subsequently additional costs have been the result of this progression.
One additional result of the increased glyphosate-resistant weeds in glyphosate-resistant
cropping systems Worldwide has been the need for newer technologies to aid in weed control
to ensure sustainability of our primary commodity crop production across the U.S. A couple
of those developed technologies are crops with genetically modified traits which will allow
them to be resistant to growth regulator herbicides in addition to glyphosate. The growth
regulating herbicides of primary utility for these crop traits are 2,4-D and dicamba.
Dicamba-resistant Soybean
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO, is developing the addition of dicamba tolerance to
the Genuity.Roundup Ready 2 Yield.Soybean platform which will offer growers an
additional tool for flexible and effective weed management along with the increased yield
opportunity of Roundup Ready 2 Yield.Once approved, the dicamba tolerant technology
will enable the use of dicamba and glyphosate tank-mixes for preplant burndown, at planting,
and in-season applications adding considerable weed control value to the well-established and
effective Roundup Ready® system. Monsanto and BASF are working together to develop
innovative dicamba formulations for use with these herbicide-tolerant cropping systems, and
both companies are working together to develop robust Best Management Practices for the
use of dicamba over Dicamba tolerant soybeans. Dicamba tolerant soybeans are projected to
be commercialized in the middle of this decade, pending global regulatory approvals with
initial product launches in the U.S. and Canada.
2,4-D-resistant Crops
Dow AgroSciences has developed traits conferring herbicide tolerance in plants. This
technology was originally referred to as Dow AgroSciences Herbicide Tolerance (DHT)
traits, and is now referred to as Enlist™ Weed Control System. In soybean, the trait will
provide tolerance to pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of 2,4-D. In corn, the
trait will provide tolerance to pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of 2,4-D and
post-emergence applications of quizalofop, an ACCase – inhibitor grass herbicide. In
conjunction with the Enlist crop traits, Dow AgroSciences is also developing new and novel
proprietary technology that will significantly reduce the physical drift and volatility of 2,4-D
relative to current DMA and ester 2,4-D herbicide formulations in the market. This new
technology will be used to create proprietary pre-mix formulations of 2,4-D + glyphosate
having improved compatibility and cold storage stability characteristics. Dow AgroSciences
is also committed to providing comprehensive stewardship guidance for deploying this
technology. Enlist technologies are also projected to be commercialized in the middle of this
decade, pending global regulatory approvals.
Thoughts about Growth Regulator Resistant Crop Adoption in Wisconsin
I agree these growth regulator resistant technologies will offer many plausible and
important weed control benefits. However, the adoption and acceptance of these technologies
may once again stretch the entire crop production community to revolutionize. The benefits
with these pending technologies will include increasing broad-spectrum postemergence weed
control options, particularly for broadleaf weeds. Similar to glyphosate, the growth regulating
herbicides are also relatively cheap, and weeds are slow to develop biotypes with resistance.
However, growth regulator resistant weeds have been documented in a couple unique
situations, so like glyphosate, it can happen when the herbicide is used too often.
The adoption of these technologies also bring much concern about the potential for these
herbicides to be used more often, and as a result, find their way to sensitive vegetation which
was not an intended target. Growth regulating herbicides cause plant symptoms that are
highly visible which can lead to easy detection of off-site movement. There are three
common ways these herbicides will move off-target including failure to properly clean spray
equipment (which is very difficult in relation to other herbicides), particle drift during
herbicide applications, and volatilization, or movement of vapor off the target after spray has
deposited on the target surface. In summary, these technologies bring with them both
opportunity and challenges for weed management systems which will be discussed.
References
Johnson, W.G., V.M. Davis, G.R. Kruger, and S.C. Weller. 2009. Influence of glyphosateresistant
cropping systems on weed species shifts and glyphosate-resistant weed
populations. Eur. J. Agron. 31:162-172.
Seifert-Higgins, S. 2010. Weed management systems in dicamba-tolerant soybeans (DTS).
Proc. of the 2010 North Central Weed Science Soc. 65:91.
Simpson, D.M. 2010. Future of 2,4-D – New uses and new technologies. Proc. of the 2010
North Central Weed Science Soc. 65:180.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
U.S. EPA denies petition on 2,4-D pesticide
Source:EPA News Release
In a petition filed on November 6, 2008, the Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC) requested that EPA cancel all product registrations and revoke
all tolerances (legal residue limits in food) for the pesticide
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, or 2,4-D. After considering public comment
received on the petition and all the available studies, EPA is denying the
request to revoke all tolerances and the request to cancel all
registrations.By way of background, in 2005, as part of the regulatory process to ensure pesticides meet current regulatory standards, EPA completed a review on the registration and on the safety of the tolerances for 2,4-D. EPA determined that all products containing 2,4-D are eligible for reregistration, provided certain changes were incorporated into the labels and additional data were generated and submitted to the EPA for review.
During the recent review of the petition from NRDC to revoke the tolerances, EPA evaluated all the data cited by NRDC and new studies submitted to EPA in response to the reregistration decision. Included in the new studies is a state-of-the-science extended one-generation reproduction study. That study provides an in-depth examination of 2,4-D’s potential for endocrine disruptor, neurotoxic, and immunotoxic effects. This study and EPA’s comprehensive review confirmed EPA’s previous finding that the 2,4-D tolerances are safe.
EPA also carefully reviewed NRDC’s request that the Agency cancel all 2,4-D product registrations. Based on studies addressing endocrine effects on wildlife species and the adequacy of personal protective equipment for workers, the agency concluded that the science behind our current ecological and worker risk assessments for 2,4-D is sound and there is no basis to change the registrations.
2,4-D is a phenoxy herbicide and plant growth regulator that has been used in the U.S. since the 1940s. It is currently found in approximately 600 products registered for agricultural, residential, industrial, and aquatic uses. There are 85 tolerances for 2,4-D. EPA published the NRDC petition for public comment on December 24, 2008.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Using pencycuron : Screening of new fungicides against rice sheath blight disease
Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia Solani
Kuhn. is regarded as one of the most widely distributed disease of rice. Its
occurrence in India was reported by Paracer and Chahal (1963) from Gurdaspur in
the Punjab. Sheath blight is one of the major fungal diseases of rice in
Karnataka. It appears throughout the rice growing areas of the state in varying
degree. The disease appears both on sheath and laminar portion of leaf.
Depending upon the age of the plant, time of infection and severity, it causes
yield loss to the extent of 5.9 to 69 per cent (Venkat Rao et al., 1990; Naidu,
1992). The incidence of disease has become rampant with the introduction of semi
dwarf, heavy tillering, early maturing and high yielding varieties. In the
absence of suitable resistance donor, chemical control is the only alternative
to check this disease. Since the seriousness of disease warrants chemical
protection, it is important to explore alternative chemical molecule to avoid
build up of resistance in the pathogen. Several new fungicides have been
recently developed which are known to possess good control against Rhizoctonia
Solani. The present study was undertaken to evaluate some new fungicides against
this disease. The field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2006 season at
Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mandya. The soil of the experimental site
was red sandy loam, slightly acidic in nature (pH 5.9). The experiment was laid
out on a randomized block design with eight treatments replicated three times.
The treatment consisted of two new formulations viz., Filia 52.5 SE
(tricyclazole 400 g + propiconazole 125 g) and Nativo75 WG (trifloxystrobin 25%
+ tebuconazole 50%) and three commercially recommended fungicides such as
Hexaconzole (Contaf 5 EC), Validamycin (Rhizocin 3L) and propiconazole (Tilt 25
EC) were used as standard check. "IR 64 was used as test variety. Uniform plant
population was maintained for each plot, which had 20x10 cm spacing with a plot
size of 3.2x1.2 m. Sheath blight disease was artificially built up by inserting
the infected bits on the rice seedlings after 38 DAP during tillering stage.
Three sprays of chemical with desired concentration were given on 50th, 65th and
80th days after planting. Except for the treatments, recommended package of
practices (Anon., 2006) were followed for growing the crop. Observations on
disease severity and yield were collected. The data obtained were subjected to
statistical analysis and were tested at five per cent level of significance to
interpret the treatment differences. The data on sheath blight and yield levels
are presented in table 1. Symptoms started appearing after 22 days of artificial
infection. Then it approached a faster spread due to congenial atmosphere.
Sheath blight severity was to the tune of 33 per cent in untreated plots. The
literature review on chemical evaluation of sheath blight revealed that from
time to time and place to place different chemicals have been identified .
Dithane M-45 (Das and Mishra,1990), Carbendazim and Mancozeb (Thangaswamy and
Ranagswamy, 1989; Roy and Saikia,1976) Iprodione (Izadyar and Baradaram, 1989)
Triazole (Suryadi et al., 1989) and Carbandazim + Mancozeb (Prasad et al., 2006)
were found effective. Periodical observation on sheath blight severity was
recorded and presented in Fig.1. In the present study, all the chemicals tested
reduced the disease considerably compared to control. The reduction in the
sheath blight varied from 22 to 31 per cent in different treatments. Among the
new formulatins, application of Filia 52.5 SE and Nativo 75 WG 0.4g was found
equally effective in controlling the sheath blight as it controlled around 25
per cent compared to control. Among the ruling fungicides Contaf 5 EC was found
very effective. It controlled the disease to the tune of 31 per cent.
Application of right chemical at a right time was very important in control of
sheath blight., However, the Pencycuron (Moncern 250 EC) was very
effective under Punjab and West Bengal conditions (Lore et al., 2005; Biswas,
2002).
Grain yield varied correspondingly to the disease incidence. Untreated plots showed incidence of sheath blight disease thereby the crop suffered and the yield levels were 4173 kg/ha. Among different chemicals, application of Contaf 5 EC was found effective in controlling the disease with higher yield (5322 kg/ha) as compared to control, followed by Filkia 52.5 SE at different rats of spray (4936 to 5087 kg/ha). Various workers supported the higher yield due to disease control efficiency of the respective chemicals
Grain yield varied correspondingly to the disease incidence. Untreated plots showed incidence of sheath blight disease thereby the crop suffered and the yield levels were 4173 kg/ha. Among different chemicals, application of Contaf 5 EC was found effective in controlling the disease with higher yield (5322 kg/ha) as compared to control, followed by Filkia 52.5 SE at different rats of spray (4936 to 5087 kg/ha). Various workers supported the higher yield due to disease control efficiency of the respective chemicals
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD |
About dicamba : cotton comments
Numerous studies have shown that leaving weeds
unaddressed for an extended period results in a loss of valuable resources such
as moisture and residual fertility (namely nitrogen). I think we can all agree
that this year we definitely need to manage our resources as well as possible in
order to rebound from 2011. Taking out these weeds as early as possible is an
essential part of this process. Many producers in Oklahoma have adopted limited
or no-till production techniques. Due to the lack of tillage in these systems,
producers often experience an increase in winter and spring annual weed problems
including horseweed, Russian thistle and kochia. Consequently, preplant burndown
herbicides are essential to replace tillage as the primary weed management tool
in these systems. Two of the most troublesome winter/spring weeds present in
limited tillage or no-till cotton fields are Russian thistle and horseweed.
Weed management research conducted by Dr. Wayne Keeling in the High Plains has focused on the evaluation of different products for the control of Russian thistle. In his research, paraquat has shown excellent activity on Russian thistle, but has not been effective on horseweed. In Oklahoma, glyphosate applied alone has proven very inconsistent at best when trying to control horseweed. In addition, the recent confirmation of glyphosate resistant horseweed in Oklahoma magnifies the importance of additional chemistries. Studies conducted in Oklahoma have shown that effective control of horseweed can be achieved by including dicamba (Banvel, Clarity, etc.) or 2,4-D with glyphosate. However there are some caveats that go along with their use. First, weed size at application time is critical for success. Excellent control of horseweed has been observed when applications have been made to horseweed in the rosette stage (flat or prostrate, prior to bolting or vertical growth). Secondly, it is important to take note of the plant back restrictions required for both dicamba and 2,4-D. When using dicamba, planting may occur 21 days after an application as long as 1 inch of rainfall has been received within that period. In addition Dicamba is not recommended for use in areas that receive less than 25 inches of annual rainfall. For 2,4-D, studies have shown that planting may occur 30 days after application without concerns of crop injury or yield reduction. The following flyer is a reminder we often distribute at meetings to remind growers of both the need and our best recommendations for preplant horseweed control in the spring
Weed management research conducted by Dr. Wayne Keeling in the High Plains has focused on the evaluation of different products for the control of Russian thistle. In his research, paraquat has shown excellent activity on Russian thistle, but has not been effective on horseweed. In Oklahoma, glyphosate applied alone has proven very inconsistent at best when trying to control horseweed. In addition, the recent confirmation of glyphosate resistant horseweed in Oklahoma magnifies the importance of additional chemistries. Studies conducted in Oklahoma have shown that effective control of horseweed can be achieved by including dicamba (Banvel, Clarity, etc.) or 2,4-D with glyphosate. However there are some caveats that go along with their use. First, weed size at application time is critical for success. Excellent control of horseweed has been observed when applications have been made to horseweed in the rosette stage (flat or prostrate, prior to bolting or vertical growth). Secondly, it is important to take note of the plant back restrictions required for both dicamba and 2,4-D. When using dicamba, planting may occur 21 days after an application as long as 1 inch of rainfall has been received within that period. In addition Dicamba is not recommended for use in areas that receive less than 25 inches of annual rainfall. For 2,4-D, studies have shown that planting may occur 30 days after application without concerns of crop injury or yield reduction. The following flyer is a reminder we often distribute at meetings to remind growers of both the need and our best recommendations for preplant horseweed control in the spring
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD |
Rotterdam review committee recommends pesticides to pic procedure
|
Source:IISD
At its eighth meeting, the Chemical Review Committee (CRC) of the Rotterdam
Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for certain hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in international trade (Rotterdam Convention)
considered final regulatory notifications for two new chemicals, namely
trichlorfon and dicofol, and recommended that the Conference of the Parties
(COP) list penta- and octa brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), as well as PFOS
and paraquat in its PIC Procedure.The sixth session of the COP, scheduled to convene in mid-2013 will take a decision on listing these chemicals in Annex III of the Convention, therefore making them subject to the PIC Procedure. The eighth meeting of the CRC, which took place from 19-23 March 2012, in Geneva, Switzerland, considered decision guidance documents (DGDs), for penta- and OctaBDE commercial mixtures. Both chemicals, ubiquitous in plastics and foam rubber products, were listed in Annex A (for elimination) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPSs) (Stockholm Convention) in 2009. CRC agreed to recommended that the COP list OctaBDE Commercial Mixtures, and pentaBDE and pentaBDE commercial mixtures, in its PIC Procedure. On PFOS, CRC agreed to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonates, perfluorooctanesulfonamides and perfluorooctanesulfonyls, should be listed in Annex III to the Convention as industrial chemicals. For the first time, the CRC considered a severely hazardous pesticide formulation (SPHF), Gramoxone Super, notified by Burkina Faso. CRC agreed to recommend to the COP that liquid formulations (emulsifiable concentrate and soluble concentrate) containing paraquat dichloride at or above 276 g/L, corresponding to paraquat ion at or above 200 g/L, be listed in Annex III of the Convention. The Committee considered notifications from the EU and Brazil of final regulatory action on trichlorfon, and organophosphate insecticide, agreeing that both notifications met the Convention’s criteria, namely that final regulatory action was taken as a result of a risk evaluation. The CRC will now develop a decision guidance document (DGD) on trichlorfon for its ninth meeting. Notifications of final regulatory actions from the EU and Japan were also considered for dicofol, an organochlorine acaricide. The Committee concluded that the EU notification met the Convention criteria, but that the Japanese notification failed to meet the criteria, as regulatory action was not taken on the basis of a risk evaluation. The Committee approved the EU notification, but will take no further action on the substance until a notification of regulatory action is received by another party, from a region other than the EU. Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD |
2012年4月12日星期四
About pencycuron: Influence of chemical treatment of seed potatoes on the attack of the daughter tubers by Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani
Treatment of mother tubers of several potato
varieties by dipping in suspensions of Tolclofos-methyl, Pencycuron,
Thiabendazole and Imazalil against R. solani resulted in some cases in a slight
increase of the incidence of C. coccodes and H. solani on the daughter tubers,
compared with water treatment. Pencycuron showed a decreasing effect on the attack by
sclerotina of R. solani whereas Imazalil clearly reduced the attack by H. solani
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Evaluation of 2,4-D and Dicamba genotoxicity in bean seedlings using comet and RAPD assays
The present study was undertaken to evaluate
genotoxic potential of two auxinic herbicides [2,4-dicholorophenoxy acetic acid
(2,4-D) and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (Dicamba)] in the roots of common
bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Two-day-old etiolated seedlings were
treated with 10 ppm methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, positive control) or 0.1, 0.2,
or 0.3 ppm of either 2,4-D or Dicamba. At the end of a 96 h growth period, root
growth, total soluble protein content, DNA damage in individual cells (comet
assay scores) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles were used
as endpoints of genotoxicity. 2,4-D and Dicamba were clearly
dose-dependent root growth inhibitors. Total soluble protein content was
significantly decreased in the positive control and at high concentrations (0.2
and 0.3 ppm) of Dicamba. Soluble protein content increased significantly only at
0.3 ppm 2,4-D (P<0.05). In the comet assay, DNA fragmentation increased in a
dose-dependent manner. The diagnostic and phenetic analyzes of appeared and/or
disappeared RAPD bands indicated that dose-dependent DNA polymorphism was
induced by both herbicides. Genomic template stability was significantly
affected at all 2,4-D and Dicamba doses tested. Overall 2,4-D and Dicamba have similar
effects on DNA damage detected by comet and RAPD assays.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Pesticide MIDAS's removal hurts strawberry farmers
Source:sacbee
From the outset, the methyl iodide controversy pitted the emotional wrath of
environmental activists against the calculated science of a pesticide company
bringing a new product to market.After several years of heated debate and jousting in the courts, you could practically hear the manufacturer Arysta shouting out "No mas!" as it announced recently that it was withdrawing the pesticide from California.Some might find these types of high-profile political battles entertaining.
They may leverage them for profit or headlines or status. But they aren"t the ones who ultimately feel the pain resulting from all the gamesmanship, misinformation and uncertainty.
As a California strawberry farmer, I wake up every day wondering if my plants are healthy, if my harvest will support my family and my roughly 100 full-time employees and their families. The portrayal of farmers as eagerly seeking to flood their fields and plants with toxic chemicals was not just naive but phenomenally insulting.
California farmers follow the toughest environmental laws in the nation. We would never do anything to put our families, employees and communities at risk.
Also lost amid the rhetoric was the fact that strawberry farmers never embraced methyl iodide. Contrary to claims of widespread use, only one of more than 500 family strawberry farmers in the state ever used it.
Nonetheless, the removal of methyl iodide raises serious concerns because it was developed by the University of California as a safer alternative to another fumigant, methyl bromide, which is being phased out by international treaty.
Methyl iodide"s registration as an acceptable alternative served as the basis for an accelerated phase-out of methyl bromide. This could prove disastrous because fumigants are necessary to clean the soil of diseases before seedlings are planted. A UC Davis study predicts that if both fumigants are canceled, California would lose 23,690 jobs and $1.58 billion in income.
These aren"t just any jobs. I"m a third-generation Hispanic farmer. I have personally witnessed how strawberries have provided a ladder to the American Dream for my parents and countless other Mexican-American immigrants. An estimated 70 percent of California strawberry farmers are Hispanic, farm an average of 90 acres each, yet collectively contribute $1.4 billion annually to our local communities.
Protecting this way of life is a priority. Assemblyman Luis Alejo, D-Watsonville, is urging the governor to establish a working group to develop ways to protect California"s farm communities. "We can"t just say it"s over," he told the Santa Cruz Sentinel. "As we continue to face the worst fiscal crisis in the history of California, the potential loss of agriculture jobs and revenue is unthinkable and unacceptable."
I agree. This situation is no bueno.
First, as Alejo suggests, we need consensus that protecting farming communities is a priority. We must simultaneously preserve existing pesticide options as we develop more sustainable alternatives.
These policies are not mutually exclusive. For example, I have grown both organic and conventional strawberries. The conventional approach provides the financial stability for me to risk growing organic strawberries. Similarly, through organic farming I acquire new skills I can apply to conventional farming. This is how the environment and economy can and do support one another.
Second, our elected officials and regulators should urge the EPA to allow the continued use of small amounts of methyl bromide. California strawberry farmers have a proven track record in phasing down methyl bromide – winning an EPA environmental award. But now the rules have changed. The replacement EPA told farmers to use is no longer available.
Third, we must continue researching viable alternatives to fumigant pesticides. Earlier this month, the state"s Department of Pesticide Regulation and the California Strawberry Commission announced a major research partnership toward this goal. We applaud Gov. Jerry Brown"s budget proposal, which directs industry fees paid to DPR to be used to research new tools for farmers.
I take pride in farming the right way. It"s common practice for strawberry growers to farm holistically, incorporating such organic methods as bug vacuums, flowers that attract beneficial insects and other ways to limit reliance on pesticides.
We cannot afford to ever again be held hostage by battles between a single chemical company and a handful of misguided activists who don"t understand the realities of farming. We need to be in our fields growing real California jobs, healthy food and a safer environment for generations to come.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
2012年4月11日星期三
About pencycuron: Effects of tuber disinfection on yield, quality and starch content of potatoes
By: Maykuss, F.
Conditions affecting the intensity of tuber infection by Rhizoctonia solani are discussed, including soil conditions, humus content, organic fertilizing, crop rotation, cultivar, infected seed potatoes, and weather conditions. R. solani-infected tubers of 7 cultivars were treated with Monceren (pencycuron), Risolex (tolclofos-methyl), Dithane Ultra (mancozeb) and Tecto (thiabendazole), and planted in 9 field trials in 1987-90. Yields, tuber size and starch content, number of shoots per plant, number of stunted plants, occurrence of stem canker, black scurf on the tuber and tuber deformation were determined for fungicide-treated and untreated control tubers. Averaged over year and cultivar, pencycuron and Risolex significantly decreased black scurf. For the remaining parameters tuber treatment had beneficial but non-significant effects; differences between the fungicides were also small. From a cost-benefit analysis, it is recommended to use liquid fungicides and restrict their use to high value crops such as seed potatoes.
Conditions affecting the intensity of tuber infection by Rhizoctonia solani are discussed, including soil conditions, humus content, organic fertilizing, crop rotation, cultivar, infected seed potatoes, and weather conditions. R. solani-infected tubers of 7 cultivars were treated with Monceren (pencycuron), Risolex (tolclofos-methyl), Dithane Ultra (mancozeb) and Tecto (thiabendazole), and planted in 9 field trials in 1987-90. Yields, tuber size and starch content, number of shoots per plant, number of stunted plants, occurrence of stem canker, black scurf on the tuber and tuber deformation were determined for fungicide-treated and untreated control tubers. Averaged over year and cultivar, pencycuron and Risolex significantly decreased black scurf. For the remaining parameters tuber treatment had beneficial but non-significant effects; differences between the fungicides were also small. From a cost-benefit analysis, it is recommended to use liquid fungicides and restrict their use to high value crops such as seed potatoes.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Effect of Dicamba/2,4-D on Production of Wheat in U.A.R.
By: M. K. Zahran, T. S. Ibrahim & S. A.
Ahmed
At two sites in the U.A.R. we investigated the possibility of improving wheat production by spraying 2,4-D amine, mixtures of 2,4-D with dicamba as amine salts, or dicamba alone as the dimethylamine salt. The best results followed application of a mixture of dicamba at 0.084 lb per feddan (90.7 g/ha) with 2,4-D at 0.84–1.12 lb per feddan (907–1210 g/ha). The mixture controlled many species of weeds; it significantly increased the average number of grains per ear, the yield of grain, the protein content of grain and also the yeild of straw. Compared with the hand-weeded controls, treatment with dicamba/2,4-D raised the grain yield by 14% and increased its protein content by 10%.
At two sites in the U.A.R. we investigated the possibility of improving wheat production by spraying 2,4-D amine, mixtures of 2,4-D with dicamba as amine salts, or dicamba alone as the dimethylamine salt. The best results followed application of a mixture of dicamba at 0.084 lb per feddan (90.7 g/ha) with 2,4-D at 0.84–1.12 lb per feddan (907–1210 g/ha). The mixture controlled many species of weeds; it significantly increased the average number of grains per ear, the yield of grain, the protein content of grain and also the yeild of straw. Compared with the hand-weeded controls, treatment with dicamba/2,4-D raised the grain yield by 14% and increased its protein content by 10%.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
France to study ban on Syngenta pesticide on bee research
Source:Bloomberg
France’s Agriculture Ministry asked the country’s food-security and environment agency to study revoking approval of Syngenta AG (SYNN)’s Cruiser insecticide, after new research on the pesticide’s toxicity to honeybees.
The ministry previously said it would start a procedure to withdraw approval
for Cruiser, whose active ingredient is the chemical thiamethoxam, in case new
science raised questions about the insecticide, according to a statement on the
government’s website. France’s Agriculture Ministry asked the country’s food-security and environment agency to study revoking approval of Syngenta AG (SYNN)’s Cruiser insecticide, after new research on the pesticide’s toxicity to honeybees.
Honeybees fed a dose of thiamethoxam were about twice as likely as untreated bees to die away from the hive, suggesting the chemical interfered with the insects’ ability to find their way home, according to a study led by Mickael Henry of France’s National Institute for Agricultural Research, or INRA, published in the journal Science yesterday.
"If the new scientific data are confirmed, the authorization to market Cruiser would be withdrawn,” the ministry wrote.
Cruiser has been used on millions of hectares of corn and rapeseed in Europe in the past four years without reported incidents of bee mortality, according to Mark Titterington, a spokesman for Syngenta.
"If used correctly, no bee mortality is reported,” Titterington said by phone. “We have a 10-year registration and unless that changes we have no concern.”
France is the European Union’s largest agricultural producer, and the 27-nation bloc’s largest grower of wheat, rapeseed, corn and sugar beets. Cruiser can be used to coat the seeds of crops ranging from barley to zucchini, according to the Syngenta website.
Field Research
The ministry said it asked INRA and the Association of Agricultural Technical Coordination to speed up field research to assess whether the results of the study can be replicated in real-life conditions.
The INRA study “appears to have exposed bees to a concentration level 30 times greater than the average concentration of thiamethoxam measured in nectar in the field, of rapeseed treated with thiamethoxam,” Titterington said.
The French researchers said they fed honeybees a non-lethal dose of the insecticide similar to levels found in the field.
France also said it will ask the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority to look into the study and if appropriate adjust the framework for evaluating pesticides’ effect on bees.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
Efficacy of fungicide such as pencycuron spray schedules for control of potato late blight in southwestern uganda
By: P. Kankwatsa, J.J. Hakiza, M. Olanya, H.M.
Kidenamariam, E. Adipala
Potato cultivars grown in Uganda have low levels of general resistance to late blight. As such, most commercial potato farmers rely on fungicide applications such as pencycuron for control of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight. This study investigated the comparative advantages of using different frequencies of application of Ridomil (MZ 58), Ridomil once and Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb, 80% WP) subsequently, and Dithane M-45 for management of potato late blight. The highest marginal benefit was achieved by applying Ridomil once and Dithane M-45 subsequently at intervals of 14 and 21 days. The lowest marginal benefit was with sole Ridomil application at 21 day spray interval. With weekly sprays it was more economical to apply Dithane M-45 than Ridomil first followed by Dithane M-45 subsequently.
Potato cultivars grown in Uganda have low levels of general resistance to late blight. As such, most commercial potato farmers rely on fungicide applications such as pencycuron for control of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight. This study investigated the comparative advantages of using different frequencies of application of Ridomil (MZ 58), Ridomil once and Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb, 80% WP) subsequently, and Dithane M-45 for management of potato late blight. The highest marginal benefit was achieved by applying Ridomil once and Dithane M-45 subsequently at intervals of 14 and 21 days. The lowest marginal benefit was with sole Ridomil application at 21 day spray interval. With weekly sprays it was more economical to apply Dithane M-45 than Ridomil first followed by Dithane M-45 subsequently.
Industy gaints take action, dicamba sees bright future ahead
On March 14th, 2011, BASF and Monsanto Company
announced a new agreement to collaborate on the advancement of dicamba tolerant
cropping systems after launching next-generation dicamba-based weed control
systems for soybeans and cotton last year. This is the 3rd cooperation since
they entered into a joint licensing agreement to develop innovative formulations
for dicamba with herbicide-resistant cropping systems in January 2009. There are
bright prospects for Dicamba.
Dicamba is a broad-spectrum herbicide, with a strong seasonal characteristic in production. Only a few domestic manufactures have mastered its production technology. What is the export situation of Chinese
dicamba, who are exporting their dicamba?
Dicamba is a broad-spectrum herbicide, with a strong seasonal characteristic in production. Only a few domestic manufactures have mastered its production technology. What is the export situation of Chinese
dicamba, who are exporting their dicamba? New Guam Pesticide Act Rules and Regulations Goes Into Effect
Source:Pacific News Center
The Guam Environmental Protection Agency (Guam EPA) Pesticides Enforcement Program will continue to enforce the recently approved Pesticide Rules and Regulations, including a provision that has gone into effect last weekend.
The new law requires all workers who handle pesticides, including antimicrobial pesticides like Lysol or other cleaners, to attend a Basic Training A class. Workers who are not BT-A certified, are not legally allowed to use pesticides in the workplace. This law affects many hotels, government agencies and other businesses.
Workers were given until March 31, 2012 to obtain the proper training required by law. Guam EPA will begin enforcing the statue on April 2, 2012.
BT-A classes were offered through private trainers or the Guam Hotel and Restaurant Association (GHRA). In September, Guam EPA offered “Train the Trainer” or TTT courses to ensure there were enough instructors on island. Prior to the training in September, Guam EPA and GHRA made public announcements concerning the availability of the TTT.
"Those who use pesticides must be properly trained for their safety, and for the safety of the public,” said Guam EPA Acting Administrator Eric M. Palacios. “Requiring this training helps protect our workforce and environment by ensuring these chemicals are being used properly.”
Many businesses and agencies have proactively worked to get their staff certified. Guam EPA’s Pesticide Program estimates 1,100 workers have been certified. They also estimate a total of 4,000 individuals will be required to have certifications to continue in their current duties. Classes are regularly offered through GHRA and private instructors.
A pesticide is defined as any substance designed to kill or mitigate a pest. Legal pesticides have a small U.S. EPA registration number on the label. Registered pesticides must have information about proper storage, use, disposal of the product and what to do in an emergency situation.
The Guam Environmental Protection Agency (Guam EPA) Pesticides Enforcement Program will continue to enforce the recently approved Pesticide Rules and Regulations, including a provision that has gone into effect last weekend.
The new law requires all workers who handle pesticides, including antimicrobial pesticides like Lysol or other cleaners, to attend a Basic Training A class. Workers who are not BT-A certified, are not legally allowed to use pesticides in the workplace. This law affects many hotels, government agencies and other businesses.
Workers were given until March 31, 2012 to obtain the proper training required by law. Guam EPA will begin enforcing the statue on April 2, 2012.
BT-A classes were offered through private trainers or the Guam Hotel and Restaurant Association (GHRA). In September, Guam EPA offered “Train the Trainer” or TTT courses to ensure there were enough instructors on island. Prior to the training in September, Guam EPA and GHRA made public announcements concerning the availability of the TTT.
"Those who use pesticides must be properly trained for their safety, and for the safety of the public,” said Guam EPA Acting Administrator Eric M. Palacios. “Requiring this training helps protect our workforce and environment by ensuring these chemicals are being used properly.”
Many businesses and agencies have proactively worked to get their staff certified. Guam EPA’s Pesticide Program estimates 1,100 workers have been certified. They also estimate a total of 4,000 individuals will be required to have certifications to continue in their current duties. Classes are regularly offered through GHRA and private instructors.
A pesticide is defined as any substance designed to kill or mitigate a pest. Legal pesticides have a small U.S. EPA registration number on the label. Registered pesticides must have information about proper storage, use, disposal of the product and what to do in an emergency situation.
2012年4月9日星期一
About pencycuron :Development Feasibility of Wate:r-Floating Fungicide Formulation for the Control of Sheath Blight (Caused by Rhizotonia solani) in Rice
By: Byung-Youl Oh and Jin-Hwa Kim
Some physiCO-chemical propert}es and biological activities of new fungicide formujations
were tested to investigate a feasibility of water-floating formulation development for sheath
blight control in rice. Pencycuron[l--(4-chlorobenzyi)--1-c.yclopentyl-3-phenylurea/ and
flutolanil(a, a, cr-trifluoro-3"-isopropoxy-O-toluanilide) were chosen as toxicants for the
formulations. Vegetable oil and surface active agents were used as a floating agent and
spreader: respectively.
All the formulations tested showed an excellent spreadability on the water haVing over
35cmz/mg and were cbemically stabie, which the degradation rates of active ingredients
were less than lOo/L after 12 weeks of storage at sooc. Most of the app!ied test formuIation
of pencycuron was retained within 0. 5cm of the surface paddy water, while that of flutoi-
anil was vertically dispersed in the \vater. Inhibition activity of the tested pencycuron
formulation on the sclerotia gerniination of the pathogen in paddy water was maintained
over 30 dayo after the formulation treatment. Control effect of 40/pencycuron.water-fjoat-
ing formulated with surface active agent of hydro-lipophyllic balance 4.3 0n the Liisease in
rice was equal to the reference fungicide(pencycuron 2570WP) when the formor \x"as trea-.ed
one day before the transplantation of rice seedjings. Overflowing the submerged paddy xxatPr
after the formulation treatment resulted in a deterious effect on the disease contrul.
Some physiCO-chemical propert}es and biological activities of new fungicide formujations
were tested to investigate a feasibility of water-floating formulation development for sheath
blight control in rice. Pencycuron[l--(4-chlorobenzyi)--1-c.yclopentyl-3-phenylurea/ and
flutolanil(a, a, cr-trifluoro-3"-isopropoxy-O-toluanilide) were chosen as toxicants for the
formulations. Vegetable oil and surface active agents were used as a floating agent and
spreader: respectively.
All the formulations tested showed an excellent spreadability on the water haVing over
35cmz/mg and were cbemically stabie, which the degradation rates of active ingredients
were less than lOo/L after 12 weeks of storage at sooc. Most of the app!ied test formuIation
of pencycuron was retained within 0. 5cm of the surface paddy water, while that of flutoi-
anil was vertically dispersed in the \vater. Inhibition activity of the tested pencycuron
formulation on the sclerotia gerniination of the pathogen in paddy water was maintained
over 30 dayo after the formulation treatment. Control effect of 40/
pencycuron.water-fjoat-ing formulated with surface active agent of hydro-lipophyllic balance 4.3 0n the Liisease in
rice was equal to the reference fungicide(pencycuron 2570WP) when the formor \x"as trea-.ed
one day before the transplantation of rice seedjings. Overflowing the submerged paddy xxatPr
after the formulation treatment resulted in a deterious effect on the disease contrul.
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD
订阅：
博文 (Atom)