Effect of pencycuron on the osmotic stability of protoplasts of Rhizoctonia solani

The effect of Dicamba on plant regeneration of wheat, barley and triticale

One of the basic components of a medium influencing somatic embryogenesis of cereals from immature embryos is the type of auxin. According to some researchers, phytohormones can also play an important role during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In this first part of research, the influence of three types of auxins used alone or in combination of two on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in three cereal species has been tested. Eight cultivars of barley, five cultivars of wheat and three cultivars of triticale have been used. Efficiency of plant development on two regeneration media, with an without growth regulators has been compared. Efficiency of regeneration characterized by frequency of explants that form embryogenic callus ranged from 25% for wheat cultivar Torka to 100% for two barley cultivars. Mean number of plantlets regenerating per explant differed significantly (from 2 to 58) depending on the type of auxin in inducing media, the type of regenerating media as well as cultivar. The biggest differences in regeneration efficiency were observed between barley cultivars, however regeneration of plants occurred in all combinations tested. The best regeneration coefficients for most barley cultivars were obtained after culture on dicamba or dicamba with 2,4-D. However, in the case of highly regenerating cv Scarlett, the most effective culture media contained picloram or 2,4-D alone. The highest values of regeneration coefficients for two triticale cultivars (Wanad and Kargo) were obtained on picloram (26.1 and 21.4, respectively) and for "Gabo" on picloram with dicamba (12.6). The range of mean number of regenerated plantlets was from 12 to 30. Dicamba alone or lower concentrations of picloram with 2,4-D were the best media influencing embryogenic callus formation in five wheat cultivars. However, the highest values of regeneration coefficients ranging from 10.6 to 26.8 were obtained at lower concentrations of picloram with 2,4-D or picloram wit.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD

Pencycuron: a new fungicide against black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) in potatoes

Pencycuron (Monceren) is a new active ingredient from Bayer AG Leverkusen. Pencycuron is a fungicide with contact effect used as seed dressing in potatoes with a specific effect against black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani). A large number of field trials carried out in several countries in western Europe have proven that pencycuron is setting a new standard for the control of black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) in potatoes achieving a considerable increase in yield and tuber quality of the crop. Pencycuron has also shown its superiority in comparison to other seed dressings in the market. Furthermore the treatment improves the size and shape of the tubers as shown by the number of tubers having size 35-55 mm with lower Sclerotinia darnage in the harvested crop. pencycuron was launched in the Danish market in 1993 as Monceren DS 12,5, a dry powder formulation used with a dosage of 200 g per hkg seed potatoes. In 1994 pencycuron will also be available in Denmark as Monceren FS 250, a liquid formulation used with a dosage of 60 ml per hkg seed potatoes. This formulation is sprayed on the seed tubers while dropping from the potato planter to the soil using special equipment

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Comparative effects of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-D and paraquat on non-green potato tuber calli

The effects of the herbicides 1,1"-dimethyl-4,4"-bipyridylium dichloride (paraquat), 3,6-dichloro-2-metoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on cell growth of non-green potato tuber calli are described. We attempted to relate the effects with toxicity, in particular the enzymes committed to the cellular antioxidant system. Cell cultures were exposed to the herbicides for a period of 4 weeks. Cellular integrity on the basis of fluorescein release was strongly affected by 2,4-D, followed by dicamba, and was not affected by paraquat. However, the three herbicides decreased the energy charge, with paraquat and 2,4-D being very efficient. Paraquat induced catalase (CAT) activity at low concentrations (1muM), whereas at higher concentrations, inhibition was observed. Dicamba and 2,4-D stimulated CAT as a function of concentration. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was strongly stimulated by paraquat, whereas dicamba and 2,4-D were efficient only at higher concentrations. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was induced by all the herbicides, suggesting that glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes are putatively involved in the detoxification of these herbicides. Paraquat slightly inhibited glutathione S-transferase (GST), whereas 2,4-D and dicamba promoted significant activation. These results indicate that the detoxifying mechanisms for 2,4-D and dicamba may be different from the mechanisms of paraquat detoxification. However, the main cause of cell death induced by paraquat and 2,4-D is putatively related with the cell energy charge decrease.

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Determination of imidacloprid pencycuron 29% FS by HPLC

A HPLC method was developed for the determination of imidacloprid pencycuron 29% FS using C18 column, uv-detector and mobile phase of acetonitrile-water.The results showed that the variation coefficients and average recoveries of imidacloprid and pencycuron were 0.69%, 99.7% and 0.78%, 99.6% respectively.

Initial transformation step of dicamba by a sulfate-reducing consortium enriched from sediment of the Pearl River of China

Dicamba is a readily detectable chemical in run-off and groundwater of agricultural areas. Biotransformation of dicamba was investigated in laboratory anaerobic microcosms incubated at two temperatures (15 and 25 degree C) under sulfate-reducing condition using sediment from the Pearl River of Southern China as a source of microorganisms. Initial results of sulfate- reducing microcosms showed that dicamba was transformed by 86% in 120 days of incubation at 25 degree C compared with the sterile controls. In comparison, only <60% of the initial dicamba concentrations disappeared at 15 degree C. Subsequent enrichment cultures were established from the initial microcosms and accelerated transformation of dicamba was observed in the enrichment transfer cultures by 30 days of incubation for 95% and 78% removal at 25 and 15 degree C, respectively. Through enrichment transfer technique, the lag phase and the time required for dicamba biotransformation were all shortened from the initial microcosms, indicating the enrichment of microorganisms capable of transforming dicamba. Addition of 0.1% yeast extract enhanced the dicamba biotransformation by the dicamba-transforming consortium. Transformation of dicamba was further investigated by incubating super(14)C-ring labeled dicamba with the dicamba-transforming consortium. Results confirmed that dicamba was transformed by the consortium but no substantial amount of super(14)CO sub(2) was recovered, suggesting that the initial degradation was an demethoxylation reaction removing the o-methyl group forming 2-hydroxy-3,5- dichlorobenzoic acid. Our results suggest that dicamba is quickly transformed through demethoxylation, but further degradation of the transformation intermediate is much slower in the environment.

Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO., LTD

Use of dicamba-degrading microorganisms to protect dicamba susceptible plant species

Three strains of dicamba-degrading microorganisms wrer ale to reduce the herbicidal activity of dicamba in the rhizosphere quickly enough to allow dicamba susceptible crop species to grow. Pea seedlings planted immediately after inoculation had higher wetghts over the uninoculated controls at the 0.5 and 4.0 lb/acre rates in growth chamber studies. Peas seedlings planted 2 or 5 days after inoculation had higher mass over the uninoculated controls at all treatment rates. The concentration of dicamba in the soil was reduced dramatically at all treatment rates as compared to uninoculated controls.Dicamba-degrading bacteria also showed activity in field test plots, where soybeans were protected from dicamba damage even at the 8 lb/acre application rate.

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Effect of carbendazim and pencycuron on soil bacterial community

Soil bacterial composition is used as one of the important indicators of negative effects of the use of pesticides in agriculture. Very little is known on the effects of fungicides, particularly carbendazim and pencycuron on soil bacterial community. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of various concentrations of carbendazim and pencycuron on diversity of bacterial community in soils collected from strawberry field and incubated at different temperature conditions. The degradation rate of fungicides both in sterile and non-sterile soils were also investigated. Residues of fungicides were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the change in bacterial community was examined by comparing the 16S rDNA bands on patterns by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The dissipation of carbendazim was affected by concentration applied, whereas that of pencycuron was affected by both concentration applied and incubation temperature. The microbial community could recover to its previous composition after 126 days of cultivation with the application of 10 mg/kg of carbendazim but not with the application of a high concentration, 100 mg/kg, of pencycuron. From cluster analysis, the bacterial community structure showed approximately 50% similarity throughout the experimental period, which indicated that the soil microbiota composition was not stable throughout the 120 cultivation days.

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The Use of Dicamba in Agricultural and Industrial Sites

Previously, Health Canada"s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) completed an assessment of the lawn and turf uses of the herbicide dicamba. Details are available in Proposed Acceptability for Continuing Registration document PACR2007-02, Re-evaluation of Dicamba for Lawn and Turf Uses.
The PMRA has now reviewed the available information on use of dicamba in industrial sites for vegetation control and in agriculture. Under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act, the PMRA is proposing the continued registration of all currently registered uses of dicamba and its end-use products with the implementation of additional mitigation measures to further protect human health and the environment.
This Proposed Re-evaluation Decision (previously called a Proposed Acceptability for Continuing Registration [PACR] document) is a consultation document1 that summarizes the science evaluation for the remaining uses of dicamba. It also describes risk-reduction measures that will be required to further protect human health and the environment.
The proposed mitigation measures for non-turf uses of dicamba include the following:
1.a phase-out of the diethanolamine (DEA) form of dicamba unless further data are provided;
2.a new maximum application rate of 0.01 kg a.e./L a maximum spray liquid concentration of 0.01 kg a.e./L when high-volume handwands are used for non-cropland applications;
3.buffer zones to protect terrestrial habitat; and specified or upgraded personal protective equipment, grazing restrictions and preharvest intervals.

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Determination of Butachlor and Pencycuron Residues in Vegetables and Rice:Application of the Macroporous Diatomaceous Earth Column

Butachlor and pencycuron are commonly used pesticides in Taiwan. but still lack official methods for determining butachlor and pencycuron residues in agricultural products. An analytical method using a macroporous diatomaceous earth (MDE) column and florisil cartridge for cleanup procedure was developed for determination of butachlor and pencycuron in vegetables and rice. Butachlor and pencycuron were extracted from crops with acetone and the concentrated extract was transferred into the MDE column. eluted with n-hexane.
The eluate was concentrated and applied on a florisil cartridge. The cartridge was washed with 5% diethyl ether in n-hexane (E/H), and
then eluted with 15% E/H (fraction l) and 15% ethyl acetate in n-hexane (EA/H) (fraction iD. Butachlor residue in fraction I was determined by GC-ECD. Pencycuron residue in fraction Il was determined by HPLC-UV at 248 nm. Chinese mustard and rice samples were
fortified with butachlor and pencycuron at levels of 0.25-0.75 ppm and analyzed. The recoveries of butachlor and pencycuron were
between 84.9_94.g% and 88.3-94.8%, respectively. The detection limits of both pesticides in Chinese mustard and rice were 0.05 ppm.
　　 MDE liquid/liquid extraction cartridges provide a means of simplifying and speeding up multiple liquid/liquid extractions.
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The principle and use of pencycuron and carbendazim

Pencycuron and carbendazim are the two kinds of fungicide that people often used, but because of their different action principles, the uses are also different.

There are two basic classifications of　fungicides: Contact fungicides and　Systemic fungicides.pencycuron belongs to Contact fungicides, carbendazim belongs to Systemic fungicides.

Contact fungicides: Contacts remain on the outside of the plant and form a protective barrier against diseases that penetrate the leaf blade.

Systemic fungicides: Systemics enter inside the plant and travel throughout the plant"s vascular system. They are both protective and curative before and after the disease has started.

Contacts Fungicides
After application, contact fungicides will remain on the surface of the plant. They do not penetrate enter into the plant as systemic lawn fungicides do. The primary purpose of contact fungicides is to form a protective barrier against diseases that enter through the leaf blade. In most cases, it needs to be applied before the disease begins.
Most Contacts have as short residual and are only effective for three to eight days. After that, it will need to be reapplied. The fungicide needs to remain on the surface of the blade the entire time to be effective. This means it should not be watered in. You will need to turn off your automatic sprinklers to keep from washing it off. If it rains after the application, it may need to be reapplied.
Mowing or heavy foot traffic may remove the product from the grass making it less effective.
Contacts will not have any effect on diseases that enter the grass through the root system. Anything below the surface of the ground is out of the range of contact fungicides. They will not protect any new blades that develop after the contact was applied. It can only protect the grass it touched when it was applied.

Systemic Fungicides
Systemics, on the other hand, will penetrate the grass blade or enter through the roots and work from the inside. They are longer lasting than contacts and will often last from 7 to 25 days or longer. They can be both curative (after the disease starts) and protective (before the disease begins). It often needs to be watered in after application to get the fungicide down to the root zone. Read the label carefully for specific directions on how to do that.
Systemic lawn fungicides will attack lawn fungus from the inside. Any disease that enters from any point on the plant will be subject to the fungicide. This includes any new plant growth that occurred after the fungicide was applied.
Systemics and contacts are often alternated to get the benefits of both types of fungicides.

Thus in the use process, pencycuron often used to do FS and spray for sterilization, carbendazim can be irrigated to root and absorbed by plant for sterilization.

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The useage of herbicides just like dicamba in growing oat

Lanoie, N., Vanasse, A., Collin, J., Fregeau-Reid, J., Pageau, D., Lajeunesse, J. and Durand, J. 2010. Naked oat response to soil type and herbicides applied at two growing stages. Can. J. Plant Sci. 90: 247-255. Naked oat (Avena saliva L.) harvested in the province of Quebec, Canada, develops on average 10% covered grains and sometimes more. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil type, herbicides and their application stages on the proportion of covered grains in naked oat genotypes. Three genotypes were evaluated over 2 yr at two experimental sites. At each site, trials were seeded on two different soil types and each entry was treated with one of three types of herbicides: bromoxynil/MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and thifensulfuron methyl/tribenuron methyl, and compared with a weed-free check. The herbicides were applied at Zadoks 12-13 and 22-23. Results showed that dicamba/MCPA herbicide, applied at Zadoks 12-13, increased covered grains compared with the weed-free check and more covered grains were produced with the application made at Zadoks 22-23. However, differences in genotype reactions were observed. Few differences were found among the other weed control treatments. The application of dicamba/MCPA at Zadoks 22-23 decreased yield and test weight, but increased kernel weight. The other weed control treatments had no effect on agronomic characteristics.
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Dicamba resistance getting closer

Not long ago, researchers from universities and seed companies would tell growers and industry stakeholders that the road from an idea’s first concept to commercial availability was a process of 10 to 15 years. Through transgenics, dihaploid technology and nurseries in Central or South America, seed companies and researchers have reduced that time significantly.

Yet in imparting dicamba resistance to soybeans, researchers at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln (UNL) have opted for the ‘slow and steady’ approach, and for good reason. “It has been quite a complex study of biochemistry, molecular biology and microbiology,” explains Dr. Don Weeks, a biochemist and professor, who has been a lead researcher on this project for nearly a dozen years. Although news of its development came to light in May 2007, Weeks concedes word has been very slow to reach both the scientific and farming communities.
The road to developing resistance began with a simple premise: after just a few months, dicamba cannot be detected in soil. The question became, ‘Can the chemistry that works so well against broadleaf weeds in corn and wheat be used on broadleaf weeds in soybean fields without hurting them?’ The degradation that dicamba experiences comes almost entirely from the interaction of numerous bacterial strains and other life forms naturally present in soils.
“There are many different organisms that, one way or another, can inactivate dicamba,” says Weeks. Using the strain Pseudomonas maltophilia, Weeks and his team discovered a gene that marked a first step in breaking down dicamba in the soil to carbon dioxide (CO2), water and a chloride ion (Cl-). The first step itself, converting dicamba to an acid {3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (DCSA)} was the key to furthering the research. “That first step of degradation actually inactivates the herbicidal activity. So we could take that bacterial gene, genetically engineer it so it behaved like a plant gene and then transfer it into plants and ‘ask’ those plants that express that gene to break down dicamba before it built to toxic levels.”
Durability with adaptability
From there, Weeks focussed on the bacterial conversion of dicamba to DCSA, with a chain of three enzymes including dicamba mono-oxygenase (DMO). “We were surprised with the very high levels of resistance that we attained, even in plants that are expressing relatively little of the DMO enzyme, so the plant is well protected,” says Weeks.
Once the initial genetic transformation was complete, Weeks and plant scientist Tom Clemente, head of UNL’s plant transformation core facility, placed the gene into tobacco as a model plant cell system for the purpose of transforming and regeneration. “We’ve also put it into the favourite plant model system, Arabidopsis, as well as soybeans,” says Weeks. “In tobacco, we have resistance well over 10 pounds per acre, whereas the normal rate farmers would use would be a quarter to a half a pound per acre. In soybeans, we tested them in the greenhouse, with up to five pounds per acre or 10 times the highest normal rate recommended. At this very high level, plants showed no signs of damage.”
Further study yielded the discovery that additional modifications to the DMO gene would virtually eliminate the potential for resistance to spread to other plants by targeting the DNA of a tobacco plant’s chloroplast, the site where photosynthesis takes place. Since chloroplast
genes are passed on through the maternal side of a plant, it would prevent resistance from occurring through pollination.
In 2005, the University of Nebraska licensed the technology to Monsanto and the company has been promoting it as one of the many developments in its portfolio of advancements currently in the works. Weeks acknowledges that growers can expect to see commercial availability of dicamba resistant soybeans in approximately three years.
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Metabolism of the phenylurea fungicide, pencycuron, in sensitive and tolerant strains of Rhizoctonia solani

14C-Labeled pencycuron was applied to four strains of Rhizoctonia solani different in the sensitivity to this fungicide. Of the four strains two were sensitive (S1=C-423, AG***-1, and S2=R-C, AG-4) and the other two tolerant (T1=Rh-131, AG-4 and T2=SH-1, AG-5) to pencycuron. Strain S1 metabolized 85% of the pencycuron in a 0.5 ppm liquid medium. While strains S2, T1 and T2 slowly metabolized only 10-20% of the pencycuron 24 hr after incubation. Main metabolites were cis and trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyl pencycuron (P-1 and P-2, respectively), whose fungicidal activity was weaker than pencycuron. This suggested that pencycuron itself is an ultimate active substance, and that metabolic activation or detoxification is less important to explain the difference among the strains in the sensitivity to pencycuron

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Genotoxicity analysis of the herbicide dicamba in mammalian cells in vitro

The cytogenetic effects exerted by the phenoxy herbicide dicamba and one of its commercial formulations banvel (57.71% dicamba) were studied in in vitro whole blood human lymphocyte cultures. The genotoxicity of herbicides was measured by analysis of the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and cell-cycle progression assays. Both dicamba and banvel activities were tested within 10.0-500.0 microg/ml doses range. Only concentrations of 200.0 microg/ml of dicamba and 500.0 microg/ml of banvel induced a significant increase in SCE frequency over control values. The highest dose of dicamba tested (500.0 microg/ml) resulted in cell culture cytotoxicity. The cell-cycle kinetics was affected by both test compounds since a significant delay in cell-cycle progression and a significant reduction of the proliferative rate index were observed after the treatment with 100.0 and 200.0 microg/ml of .dicamba and 200.0 and 500.0 microg/ml of banvel. For both chemicals, a progressive dose-related inhibition of the mitotic activity of cultures was observed. Moreover, only the mitotic activity statistically differed from control values when doses of both chemicals higher than 100.0 microg/ml were employed. On the basis of our results, the herbicide dicamba is a DNA damage agent and should be considered as a potentially hazardous compound to humans

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Pioneer chemical production: Pencycuron

To be a widely used fungicide,the function of Pencycuron is very strong and it is also one of the major production of our company.

1、Name and structure
（1）Name：Pencycuron
（2）IUPAC Name：1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea
（3）Formula: C19H21ClN2O
（4）Molecular weight：328.8
2、Physical and Chemical Properties
（1）Form:　 Colourless, odourless crystals.
（2）Melting Point:　 128 °C (modification A); 132 °C (modification B)
（3）Henry"s Constant :　 5 x 10-7 Pa m3 mol-1 (20 °C)
（4）Vapour Pressure:　　5 x 10-7 mPa (20 °C, extrapolated)
（5）Specific Denisty:　　1.22 (20 °C)
（6）Solubility:　　In water 0.3 mg/l (20 °C). In dichloromethane 270, toluene 20, n-hexane 0.12 (all in g/l, 20 °C).
（7）Stability:　　Hydrolysis DT50 64-302 d (25 °C). Photodegrades in water and on soil surfaces.
3、there are three kinds of productions in pioneer chemical Pencycuron
1．95% Pencycuron TC
Description： Off-white powder

2．250G/L Pencycuron FS
Description：Red ropy liquid

3．140G/L Imidacloprid +150G/L Pencycuron FS
Description：Red ropy liquid

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Dissipation of pencycuron in rice plant

Pencycuron is a non-systemic protective fungicide for controlling sheath blight of rice. However, information on the fate of pencycuron in rice plant is lacking. The degradation of pencycuron in waterlogged tropic rice field was investigated. Pencycuron was applied at recommended field dose (187.5 g a.i./ha) and double recommended dose to cropped plots for three consecutive years.pencycuronwas rapidly degraded in rice plant at all doses of pencycuron application with first order half-lives of 1.57 approximately 2.77 d. The study revealed that pencycuron is safe from the human and environmental contamination point of view

Nepal to get rid of hazardous pesticides

A ship containing equipment meant for safely packing more than 70 tons of obsolete and hazardous pesticides stored in different locations of Nepal is expected to arrive in India soon.
According to Mina Khanal, spokesperson for the Ministry of Environment (MoE), the ship has already left off the coast of Germany for the Kolkata port of India. “The ship will hopefully arrive in Kolkata till October 10,” Khanal told Republica, adding, “The equipment will then be brought to Nepal. We are expecting to begin fieldwork for packing pesticide no later than the end of October.”
As per the tripartite deal reached between the MoE, the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC), and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) -- which later became a component of German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ) -- in December last year, the GIZ has already awarded the contract for safely packing and disposing of obsolete pesticides to an international company.
"The company that has won the contract from the GIZ will pack and dispose of all the pesticides,” Khanal said. “We just need to accumulate all pesticides at one or two particular points.” The MoE is trying to find out appropriate places for accumulating pesticides from different locations so that the company will be able to concentrate on packaging and disposal of insecticide.
According to Bhupendra Devkota, an environment expert with the MoE, the company is expected to pack all the pesticides in three months. “Once packaging is done, our fear for leakage of pesticide that may result in a serious catastrophe will automatically lessen,” Devkota said. “Even after packaging, repatriation of pesticide to Germany may take a little longer. But then we need not worry about it.”
A total of 74.23 tons of different hazardous chemicals including DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), which has been banned in Nepal years ago, and 43 cylinders of methyl bromide have been stored in 22 different locations of the country for over 25 years now. The biggest chunk of hazardous pesticides, around 55 metric tons, has been stored in Amlekhgunj of Bara district. Most of these pesticides were given by Germany to Nepal for agricultural purposes.
Environment activists have long been decrying the delay by the government in disposing of hazardous pesticide. They fear that the accidental leakage of pesticide may cause serious damage to humans as well as the environment, especially because these pesticides have been stored in the vicinity of human settlement in most places.
The company chosen for disposing these hazardous pesticides will burn them at an incinerator after shipping them to Germany. Nepal has already signed Stockholm Convention and Rotterdam Convention, which bans the use of certain chemicals. As per these conventions, such hazardous pesticides should be disposed of by whichever company has manufactured them.
However, in Nepal&acute;s case, most of companies that manufactured the pesticides have already closed down. Therefore, Nepal had to request the GTZ, now the GIZ, for disposing of these pesticides.

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Response of Common Nebraska Weeds to Dicamba Dose

Dicamba-resistant soybeans are being developed to provide an additional herbicide mechanism of action that can be used in soybean, and to provide a tool to help manage or mitigate the evolution of other herbicide-resistant weed populations. The objectives of this thesis were to assess the risk of common Nebraska weeds developing resistance to dicamba, quantify baseline dose-response to dicamba of high-risk weed species, and survey the variability in dicamba dose-response among populations of those species. Twenty-five weed scientists were asked to estimate the risk likelihood of ten weed species evolving resistance to dicamba following the commercialization of dicamba-resistant soybean. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis), kochia (Kochia scoparia) and horseweed (Conyza canadensis) were rated the highest risk species. Ten populations of horseweed, 73 populations of kochia, and 41 populations of common waterhemp were collected across Nebraska. Greenhouse dose-response studies using a range of dicamba doses (0 g ae ha-1 up to 35,840 g ha-1, depending on the species) were conducted on 10 horseweed populations, 10 kochia populations, and 4 common waterhemp populations that represented a range of susceptibility to dicamba in preliminary experiments. Visual injury and dry weight data were measured 28 days after treatment (DAT), data was fit to a four-parameter log-logistic equation, and the dicamba doses necessary to achieve 90% visual injury (I90) or reduction in dry weight (GR90) were calculated for each population. There was a three-fold difference in dicamba dose necessary to achieve I90 between the least and most susceptible horseweed populations, a 18.4 fold difference among kochia populations, and a 1.5 fold difference among common waterhemp populations. Similar variation in susceptibility for each species was calculated for GR90 values. Two or three replications of plants were allowed to grow for 84-228 DAT. The maximum dicamba dose (g ha-1) at which a population was able to reproduce was 280 for horseweed, 8,960 for kochia, and 560 for common waterhemp. One population of kochia was classified as “dicamba-resistant.” Individuals who adopt dicamba-resistant soybean should use multiple methods to control high-risk species to reduce the risk of dicamba-resistant weeds becoming widespread.

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Yangzhou Pioneer Chemical strictly performs the modern enterprise management system

In 2010, Pioneer Chemical passed ISO9001:2008 quality system certification,and operate ERP management system,implement the office automation. Pioneer Chemical have improved production chain of command,strict quality guarantee system and modern means of testing.
Quality is enterprise’s life, so strictly control product quality, establish product quality standards and packaging quality standards for the target market is every employee’s responsibility.
Pioneer Chemical Laboratory in accordance with the quality control standards of SGS,Shanghai Institute for Drug Control and other professional testing organizations,test random sampling of each batch of products, all goods must pass the analysis and insection before packing, and shipping.
In thefierce international market competition, “quality first,credit first” is our goal,and “quality management” is our persistent faith.

Dicamba Sees Bright Future Ahead

On March 14th, 2011, BASF and Monsanto Company announced a new agreement to collaborate on the advancement of dicamba tolerant cropping systems after launching next-generation dicamba-based weed control systems for soybeans and cotton last year. This is the 3rd cooperation since they entered into a joint licensing agreement to develop innovative formulations for dicamba with herbicide-resistant cropping systems in January 2009. There are bright prospects for Dicamba.

Dicamba is a broad-spectrum herbicide, with a strong seasonal characteristic in production. Only a few domestic manufactures have mastered its production technology. What is the export situation of Chinese dicamba, who are exporting their dicamba
CCM International, a Chinese market research company with ten-year efforts in providing customer-oriented consultancy regarding agriculture, life science, chemicals and energy, has kept monitoring the import and export analysis on dicamba - Monthly analysis on import and export of dicamba.
CCM mainly applies telephone survey and in-depth analysis on China customs data (shipment records) for the import and export analysis. Telephone survey includes exporter survey and manufacturer survey. In order to guarantee data accuracy, cross-checking with data from third-party data provider is necessary. In each issue, CCM will deliver original customs data, compiled customs data and CCM’s key findings in excel format. All of the data can also be acquired in CCM’s database ValoTracer.
With key import and export information, including product specification and application, volume, price, export time, port of export, shipment term, destination, etc., CCM has been monitoring lots of different chemical products regularly, providing the data in different formats catering to various needs. CCM’s export analysis will help you identify export situation of a specific product.
Benefits are listed as follows:
- To analyze China’s export situation and trend of dicamba- To grasp investment and cooperation opportunities
- To identify key players and competitors
- To explore potential suppliers and purchasers
from:Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD.http://www.pioneer-chem.com/NewsInfo.asp?id=185

Dicamba-glyphosate combo works well in resistant soybeans

Bill Johnson has shown that a combination of glyphosate and dicamba used with dicamba-resistant soybeans gives better control of glyphosate-resistant weeds.

Bill Johnson, a Purdue professor of weed science, said dicamba has been known to work well on weeds that appear in soybean fields, but it had to be applied to the ground long before soybeans were planted because the crops also were susceptible to the herbicide. A new dicamba-resistant soybean, which also is resistant to glyphosate, can handle an application after planting, according to Johnson"s findings in the journal Crop Management.
"This is a powerful postemergence herbicide that we can pair with glyphosate to kill glyphosate-resistant weeds," Johnson said.
More than 90 percent of soybeans and corn planted in the United States are resistant to glyphosate, the active ingredient in the popular herbicide Roundup. Overuse has created glyphosate-resistant weeds that can lower crop yields.
"There has been an overreliance on just using glyphosate in many soybean fields. We have created an environment that has selected for glyphosate-resistant weeds," Johnson said.
Johnson used field tests from 14 locations in Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, South Dakota and Tennessee to evaluate dicamba"s effectiveness on broadleaf weeds before and after soybean planting.
The study showed that dicamba applied just before planting provided 97 percent control of common lambsquarter and horseweed three weeks after treatment, but was slightly less effective on smooth pigweed, giant ragweed, velvetleaf, palmer amaranth, waterhemp and morning glory.
dicamba treatments postemergence improved control of velvetleaf, smooth pigweed, morning glory and waterhemp. When combined with glyphosate, dicamba gave 30 percent to 65 percent better control over glyphosate-resistant palmer amaranth, waterhemp, horseweed and giant ragweed compared to glyphosate alone.
Johnson said he would continue to study dicamba-glyphosate usage to understand how the combination can be best utilized in different conditions and situations. Monsanto, which donated seeds, partly funded his research.
Provided by Purdue University
Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD. http://www.pioneer-chem.com/newsinfo.asp?id=183

Role of pencycuron in aflatoxin production and cotton seed protection

The research is conducted on the effect of pencycuron and pencycuron-c on cotton seed mycoflora, aflatoxin production and viability.
At 8% seed moisture content (mc), pencycuron and pencycuron-c promoted Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, and Penicillium corylophilum growth count at 1 g/kg, but exerted inhibitory effect at 3 and 5 g/kg.
At 15% mc, pencycuron enhanced seed-borne fungi at all three doses after most treatment periods (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months), whereas pencycuron-c induced inhibition effect.
The A. niger utilized pencycuron as nitrogen source more than pencycuron-c. Seeds with 15% mc lost their viability faster than that at 8%, and this was more evident as storage time increased. Such loss occurred faster when seed was treated with pencycuron, whereas pencycuron-c exerted significant activation in the viability compared to the control.
The fungal species have high biodegradation activity and produce aflatoxin in different parts of cotton boll (fiber, valves, and seeds). Pencycuron and pencycuron-c inhibited aflatoxin B1 and B2 production in seeds, but did not affect aflatoxin G1 and G2.
from:Yangzhou pioneer chemical CO.,LTD.   http://www.pioneer-chem.com/

The use of Dicamba in interplanting

To be a common, high performance-price ratio of herbicides, the use range of Dicamba is large and widely welcomed by the people. But we should also pay attention to it’s using mode in interplanting .
　Dicamba are often used to control annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in cornfield. Dicamba is suction transmitting herbicides. can be soon absorbed by stem and leaf after spraying.It also can be absorbed by root of weed when fall into the soil. Killing the weed through blocking its plant hormones" normal activities.
　So we need to distinguish the different kinds of pesticides when plant in the nested planted fields. Because the cotton, vegetable and soy are very sensitive to Dicamba, and can be absorbed by plant roots, so it is better not use Dicamba in these fields. At the same time Dicamba has a period of validity in the soil, and has certain controlling role to the not unearthed weeds, when in wheat fields the efficacy period can reach more than 40 days.
　It can use glyphosate in these area,Glyphosate mixed in soil that glyphosate combination of　metal ions would lose activity. It can use in　stubble ploughing without influece on crops growing . It is safe to sow crops in 2-5days after crop-dust
form:yangzhou pioneer chemical CO., LTD   http://www.pioneer-chem.com/NewsInfo.asp?id=172