About dicamba：utilized a combination of nitrogen fertilizers rates and herbicide treatments

reported that all herbicide treatments were effective on both thistles with or without fertilizer. They indicated that fertilized plots had a greater thistle biomass than the unfertilized check in the three-year experiment. They further reported that ammonium nitrate with either clopyralid in 1978, clopyralid + 2, 4-D in 1979 and dicamba + 2, 4-D in 1980 reduced grass biomass compared to non-fertilized plots; however, there was no determination that biomass was reduced due to herbicide injury, which was observed in some treatments in 1978 (Reece and Wilson 1983). Donald (1993) studied the effectiveness of long-term herbicide treatments applied in late September for the control of Canada thistle shoot density on non-cropped, untilled abandoned farmland. Clopyralid, glyphosate and picloram were effective in reducing Canada thistle at certain high rates in the first two years of the trial. The fall-applied treatments of clopyralid and picloram took fewer years of treatments to reduce shoot density than did glyphosate or dicamba. Clopyralid at 840 g/ha or picloram at 560 g/ha applied in the fall for three consecutive years inhibited, or almost prevented, shoot emergence the third growing season, while glyphosate and dicamba did not reduce shoot emergence. Miller and Lym (1998) conducted several field experiments on the control of Canada thistle with herbicides and cultivation treatments in corn and soybeans. Photoperiod determinations of Canada thistle and clopyralid absorption and translocation at different stages of growth were evaluated. The herbicide and cultivation treatments resulted in clopyralid and bentazon having 42% and 44% control 4 MAT in corn and soybeans, respectively.  

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Nematodes to soon replace pesticides

Source:dailytimes.com.pk　
"For the first time in Pakistan, National Nematological Research Centre (NNRC), University of Karachi (KU), will release nematode samples to local growers and farmers which will replace pesticides.
Nematodes are small parasitic animals that can kill bacteria without leaving any harmful impact on crops.”
This was recently announced at the concluding ceremony of three-day workshop entitled, ‘Biological Control of Root-knot Nematode in Vegetables using EPN’ organised by the National Nematological Research Centre, KU.
The workshop, inaugurated by KU Vice Chancellor Prof Dr Muhammad Qaiser, concluded on the note that excessive use of pesticides in crops leaves harmful impacts. There impacts are harmful for human health and lead to severe human diseases and illnesses.
In order to deal with this situation, use of nematodes can be extremely fruitful. The aim of this workshop was to stimulate awareness, upgrade knowledge and improve skills of participating farmers, extension workers and students on EPN technologies developed by the NNRC for the biological control of RKN in vegetables.
About 60 participants from Agriculture College, Multan, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam (ARI), Agriculture Training Institute, Sakrand, (ATI) Sindh, Directorate of Agriculture Extension, Hyderabad, Office of Agriculture Extension, Tando Allahyar, Office of Agriculture Extension, Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Agriculture University, Tandojam (SAU), Agriculture University of Faisalabad (AUF), a while number of progressive growers and representative of Sindh Chamber of Agriculture and Sindh Abadgar Board also participated in the workshop.
Thorough inspection of NNRC field was made by the participants about the diseased plant roots infested with root-knot nematodes (symptoms of nematode attack on roots).
The conventional techniques of identification of both nematodes were discussed and demonstrated. Besides basic techniques different methods of biological control were demonstrated using EPN against different plant pests (insects). Dr MA Maqbool, former director, National Nematological Research Centre, KU, in his speech applauded the effort made by the staff and students of National Nematological Research Centre to hold the international workshop for transfer of technology of biological management to farmers in a befitted manner.
He also emphasised the fact that the field applications of biocontrol organisms like entomopathogenic nematodes as biopesticides must be applied to enhance the agricultural production of the country as these nematodes are beneficial and have no adverse effect on human and environment.

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USDA announces positive report on pesticide residues in 2010

Source:Food Poisoning Bulletin　

The USDA’s Agriculture Marketing Service has released its annual report on pesticide residues on produce and other foods, called the Pesticide Data Program Annual Summary. The agency samples more than 12,000 products to test for chemical residues in a program that has been in place since 1991. This was the 20th annual survey and covers the calendar year 2010.
This report tells scientists, farmers, consumers, and government regulators about the use of pesticides on our food supply. The safety of U.S. exports is demonstrated, and the EPA uses the data to conduct dietary risk assessments.
The report states that residues found on tested foods are “at levels well below the tolerance levels set by the Environmental Protection Agency”. In 1996, the agency started focusing on foods that are “most likely consumed by infants and children.”
Foods are tested on a rotating basis. The foods tested this year included fresh fruit, processed fruit, fresh vegetables, processed vegetables, oats, eggs, baby food, catfish, groundwater, and treated and untreated drinking water. This was the first time baby food, cabbage, hot peppers, and mangoes were included in the report. No residues that exceeded safety levels were found in baby food.
The government found that “residues exceeding the tolerance were detected in 0.25% of samples tested. Residues of chemicals that have no established tolerance levels were found in 4.6% of the samples.” Before testing, analysts wash samples for 10 seconds under running water; consumers should do the same at home.
Nutritionists encourage consumers to eat lots of fruits and vegetables as part of a healthy diet. But the Environmental Working Group, a non-profit organization famous for its list of “Dirty Dozen” foods, still recommends that consumers choose some varieties of fruits and vegetables grown organically. Those twelve foods, including apples, celery, strawberries, and peaches, have the highest pesticide residues. The group also publishes a list of the “Clean Fifteen”, or produce that has the lowest pesticide residues that are safe to purchase conventionally grown.

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About pencycuron: Emergence of silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) as an economically important disease of potato

BY：D. Errampalli　J. M. Saunders　J. D. Holley During the 1990s, silver scurf (causal agent Helminthosporium solani) emerged as an economically important disease of table stock and processing potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). The pathogen attacks the periderm of the potato tuber causing blemishes. The disease cycle of silver scurf has both field and storage phases. Primary infection occurs in the field and high relative humidity favours the spread and increase of silver scurf in potato stores. Control of the disease by chemical such us pencycuron and cultural practices remains difficult. Increase in disease has been attributed to H. solani isolates resistant to the postharvest fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection methods for H. solani and TBZ-resistant isolates are rapid and more specific than traditional identification. This review discusses the biology of the pathogen, epidemiology of the disease, detection of the pathogen and integrated control measures for the management of silver scurf in both field and potato tuber stores.

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About dicamba：Scientists Develop Broadleaf Crops That Resist Dicamba Herbicide

University of Nebraska scientists have developed a way to give broadleaf crops like soybeans the ability to resist the herbicide dicamba. According to the EPA, dicamba is a selective benzoic acid herbicide registered for the control of certain broadleaf weeds and woody plants. The chemical kills plants by causing rapid, uncontrolled cell growth.
The Bureau of National Affairs reports that the scientists say that dicamba-based herbicides, sold under trade names such as Banvil and Clarity, are relatively inexpensive and environmentally benign because they disappear quickly in plants and soil. However, they said that dicamba also kills broadleaf crops. As a result, its use has been limited to corn and other grassy crops. 

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This paper reports the results of a field study of occupational pesticide exposure (respiratory and dermal) among a group of Italian agricultural subcontractors. These workers consistently use pesticides during much of the year, thus resulting in a high exposure risk. Ten complete treatments were monitored during spring/summer. Pesticides that were applied included azinphos-methyl, dicamba, dimethoate, terbuthylazine, and alachlor. Several observations were made on worker operative modalities and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during work. Total potential and actual exposure ranged from 14 to 5700 microg and from 0.04 to 4600 microg, respectively. Dermal exposure contributed substantially more than inhalation to the total exposure (93.9-100%). Hand contamination ranged from 0.04 to 4600 microg and was the major contributor to dermal exposure. Penetration through specific protective garments was less than 2.4% in all cases, although penetration through general work clothing was as high as 26.8%. The risk evaluation, based on comparison between acceptable daily intake and total absorbed doses, demonstrates that it is presumable to expect possible health effects for workers regularly operating without PPE and improper tractors. Comparisons between exposure levels and operative modalities highlighted that complete PPE and properly equipped tractors contributed to a significant reduction in total exposure to pesticides during agricultural activities. In conclusion, monitored agricultural subcontractors presented very different levels of pesticide exposure due to the high variability of operative modalities and use of PPE. These results indicate the need to critically evaluate the efficacy of training programs required for obtaining a pesticide license in Italy.

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about pencycuron： Efeito do tratamento de sementes de algodoeiro com fungicidas no controle do tombamento de plantulas causado por Rhizoctonia solani, sob condicoes de casa de vegetacao

BY： Augusto Cesar Pereira Goulart

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do tratamento de sementes de algodoeiro com fungicidas no controle do tombamento de plantulas causado por Rhizoctonia solani. O ensaio foi conduzido na casa de vegetacao da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste,em Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. Sementes nao tratadas e tratadas com os fungicidas foram semeadas em areia contida em bandejas plásticas, dispostas em orifícios individuais, equidistantes e a 3 cm de profundidade. A inoculacao com R. solani AG-4 foifeita utilizando-se 5g do inoculo do fungo/bandeja, distribuídos de forma homogénea na superfície do substrato. O fungo foi cultivado por 35 dias em sementes de aveia preta autoclavadas e trituradas em moinho (1mm). Foi observado efeito significativodo tratamento fungicida na emergência inicial e final de plantulas, bem como no controle do tombamento de pré e pós-emergência do algodoeiro, com os melhores resultados sendo obtidos pelos tratamentos tolylfluanid+ pencycuron +triadimenol e azoxystrobin+fludioxonil+mefenoxan, seguidos de carboxin+thiram, PCNB e pencycuron. O fungicida menos eficiente foi o carbendazim+thiram. Melhores resultados com relacao às variáveis estudadas foram obtidos com a utilizacao de misturas de fungicidas em comparacaoao uso isolado de um determinado produto. Nao foram observadas diferencas significativas com relacao ao índice de velocidade de emergência, altura e peso fresco das plantulas.

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